Japanese Encephalitis A Mosquitoborne Virus Nonliving structures containing
Japanese Encephalitis A Mosquito-borne Virus
• Non-living structures containing genetic material. (PBS, 2007) • First discovered in 1898 by Loeffler and Frosch (UCMO, 1993) • Require host cells to reproduce (PBS, 2009) • Function by inserting their unique code into the nucleus of the host, taking over the functions and ultimately destroying the cell What are Viruses?
• • • Single strand RNA virus Related to West Nile Prevalent in Asian countries Occurs in wet, rural areas Transmitted mainly by mosquitoes Japanese Encephalitis
• The JE virus (JEV) is mainly transmitted by the mosquito Culex tritaeniorrhynchus, which prefers to breed in irrigated rice paddies (CDC, 2009) • Water birds may also carry the disease, and it often infects pigs • Raising pigs is a risk factor! • Spreads through bird and human migration, and internationally through wind-blown mosquitoes Transmission
First Infection Serious Infection Mild or No Symptoms Seizures Fever Mental Illness Headache Muscle Failure Nausea and Diarrhea Inability to Speak (NHS, 2010) Symptoms
• Occurs in South Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia and the Pacific • Has been carried by mosquitoes to Australia • Carried most specifically by Culex tritaeniorrhynchus, which breeds in rice paddies (CDC, 2009) • Annual deaths (human) 10, 000 -15, 000 • 20%-30% mortality rates • 30%-50% of survivors suffer residual neuropsychiatric problems (CDC, 2009) Prevalence
• Basically, • Use nets, repellent, and wear long and loose clothing • Efforts only relevant for visits to endemic areas for > 1 month during the JE season, or in areas with ongoing outbreak (CDC, 2012) • A vaccine is obtainable and advised for those whose situation matches the one described above Prevention
• There is NO SPECIFIC TREATMENT • STILL, there are measures taken to control symptoms and prevent complications • Therapy may be necessary, and is supportive. • Patients may require: • • Feeding Airway management Anticonvulsants Mannitol (decreases intracranial pressure) [Medscape, 2012] • In ICU cerebral perfusion pressure (mean minus arterial) is maintained thru modulation (Medscape, 2012) Treatment
• For patients not covered by health insurance, vaccines for prevention can be $450 -$1, 100 • For those with insurance, it can be as low as $10 -$40 (costhelper, 2010) • Global impact in 2002 was 709, 000 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) [CDC, 2009] • The disease is dynamic, because some cases may be very mild, whereas others cause irreversible neurological damage • Affects mostly tourists and those stationed in rural areas, typically rice farmers, in many Asian countries Personal/Global Effects
• Emiliani, C. (1993). Introduction to the Viruses. UCMP. [accessed 12 March 2013]. Retrieved from http: //www. ucmp. berkeley. edu/alllife/virus. html • Costhelper. (2010). Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine Cost. [accessed 12 March 2013]. Retrieved from http: //health. costhelper. com/japanese-encephalitisvaccine. html • Jani, A. A. (2012). Japanese Encephalitis Treatment and Management. Medscape. [accessed 12 March 2012]. Retrieved from http: //emedicine. medscape. com/article/233802 -treatment • Erlanger, T. E. , Weiss S. , Keiser J. , Utzinger J. , Wiedenmayer K. (2012). Past, Present, and Future of Japanese Encephalitis. CDC. [Accessed 12 March 2012]. Retrieved from http: //wwwnc. cdc. gov/eid/article/15/1/08 -0311. htm • NHS. (2012). Japanese Encephalitis. [accessed 12 March 2012]. Retrieved from http: //www. nhs. uk/Conditions/Japanese-encephalitis/Pages/Introduction. aspx • CDC. (2012). Japanese Encephalitis. [accessed 12 March 2012]. Retrieved from http: //www. cdc. gov/japaneseencephalitis/prevention/index. html Documentation
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