James A Henretta Rebecca Edwards Robert O Self
James A. Henretta Rebecca Edwards Robert O. Self America’s History Seventh Edition CHAPTER 21 An Emerging World Power, 1877 -1918 Copyright © 2011 by Bedford/St. Martin’s
I. From Expansion to Imperialism A. B. Foundations of Empire-over seas markets desired to combat unemployment due to economic panic of 1893, and the threat of socialism/communism 1. Josiah Strong-belief in Anglo-Saxon superiority leading to American exceptionalism (widely held belief of the time) 2. Alfred T. Mahan-The Influence of Sea Power Upon Historyadvocated a strong navy for US to compete with European powers The War of 1898 (Spanish-American War) 1. Cuban Rebellion-fought Spain for Independence 2. “Remember the Maine”-propaganda blamed Spain for US ship explosion 3. The Spanish-American War-fought to aid Cuban independence(Teller Amendment) but Mc. Kinley wanted spoils of war 4. War in the Pacific- US attack Spanish navy in Philippines and win
I. From Expansion to Imperialism C. The Spoils of War 1. An Armistice-In the Treaty of Paris 1898 US gains Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Guam from Spain 2. The Philippines-despite protests from the antiimperialist faction (including Mark Twain, Jane Addams, Samuel Gompers, Andrew Carnegie) Mc. Kinley decides to occupy Philippines(claimed they were unfit for self-rule)- result is Filippino rebels fighting a guerilla war, led by Emilio Aguinaldo a former ally , to gain independence from US
II. A Power among Powers A. The Open Door in Asia B. The “open door” note-from John Hay stated that coastal China should be open to all nations for business and trade 1. The Boxer Rebellion-Chinese nationalists-used violence to try to get foreigners out of China-US intervenes to stop rebellion 2. Japan-TR mediates an agreement to end Russia/Japan conflict 1905 and allows Japan authority over Korea and Manchuria(Root. Takahira Agreement)1908
II. A Power among Powers B. The United States in the Caribbean 1. The Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901)-Britain sold U. S. sole rights to canal zone 2. A “Big Stick”- US aids Panama independence from Colombia-builds Panama Canal 1903 3. Roosevelt Corollary-added to Monroe Doctrineonly the U. S. had the right to intervene in the Caribbean-(went from protector to overseer) Platt Amendment- US forced Cuba to …. Bad Neighbor Policy-US policy in Caribbean for decades
II. A Power among Powers C. Wilson and Mexico D. Wilson promises never again to seek conquest for the US 1. American Interests-Caribbean was becoming an “American Lake” 2. Revolution –US interferes with Mexican Revolution to ensure US friendly government stays in power Pancho Villa attacks Americans at border
III. The United States in World War I A. The Great War, 1914 -1917 aka The War to End All Wars 1. Alliances-Austria/Germany vs. France/Britain/Russia and US(1917)-Germany invades neutral Belgium to attack France 2. Devastation-millions killed in France-trench warfareimproved weapon technology-war of attrition B. From Neutrality to War-multiple arguments against the US getting into WWI –know them 1. The Struggle to Remain Neutral-huge war debt owed by Allies undercut neutrality 2. America Enters the War-U-boat attacks(Lusitania) causes US to build up military Wilson 1916(“He kept us out of war”) but Zimmerman note was last straw –war declared by Congress April 1917
III. The United States in World War I C. “Over There” 1. Fielding an Army-military draft(conscription) used to provide enough soldiers-Russia drops out of Allies to fight revolution at home and become communist Soviet Union in 1922 2. The American Fighting Force-up to 1, 000 fresh soldiers under General John Pershing fight Germans in France-force Germany to surrender 11/11/1918
III. The United States in World War I D. War on the Home Front 1. Mobilizing the Economy-WIB ordered factories to convert to war production, rationing of food and resources was encouraged, sale of war bonds used to raise $ for war effort 2. Promoting National Unity-CPI was a propaganda agency that encouraged patriotismbacklash was that it led to nativism(mostly anti. German)actions by the US government and the Supreme Court punished anti-war activities 3. Great Migration-name given to WWI migration
III. The United States in World War I E. Women’s Voting Rights-NAWSA made big impact in war effort , winning Wilsons respect Women started industrial paid labor force didn’t last upon soldiers return but still significant 1. The National Woman’s Party- radical organization that protested for suffrage 2. The Nineteenth Amendment-1918 Wilson supported womens suffrage as a”war measure” Women begin to vote in 1920
IV. The Treaty of Versailles A. The Fate of Wilson’s Ideas –”idealist” Wilson presents his 14 Points(peace plan) to Congress then the Allies at Versailles 1. “Peace among Equals”? -all 14 points rejected by Allies except the League of Nations 2. “Mandates”-greedy land grabs by Japan, France, and England set the stage for future conflicts-some that still exist B. Congress Rejects the Treaty 1. Debate-Republican Congress rejected the League of Nations-Wilson appealed to public but
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