James A Henretta Rebecca Edwards Robert O Self
James A. Henretta Rebecca Edwards Robert O. Self America’s History Seventh Edition CHAPTER 5 Toward Independence: Years of Decision 1763 -1776 Copyright © 2011 by Bedford/St. Martin’s
I. Imperial Reform, 1763 -1765 A. The Legacy of War 1. Disputes over Trade and Troops-strict enforcement of the Navigation Acts , British seize vessels doing business with French, peacetime military 2. The National Debt-debt soared, taxes increased, Radical Whigs(denounced political corruption and royal officials), John Wilkes-role model for anti-Parliament protesters
I. Imperial Reform, 1763 -1765 B. George Grenville: Imperial Reformer 1. The Sugar Act- replace molasses act of 1733 –purpose to reduce or eliminate smuggling -British in debt(chart 5. 1), increase American taxes-Currency Act of 1764 2. Constitutional Conflict- Massachussets Assembly ”all taxes ought to originate with the people”, vice-admirality courts end of salutary neglect
I. Imperial Reform, 1763 -1765 C. An Open Challenge: The Stamp Act 1. First Imperial Crisis-Parliament had power to tax colonies to pay for Quartering of British troops. Franklin asked for representationdenied with idea of virtual representation
II. The Dynamics of Rebellion, 1765 -1770 A. Politicians Protest and the Crowd Rebels 1. The Stamp Act Congress 1765 -increasing levels of protests of stamp act-rise of The Sons of Liberty 2. The Motives of the Crowd B. The Ideological Roots of Resistance 1. Intellectual Traditions-inspired by philosophy of Locke and Montesquieu as well as the Magna Carta and the Whig Party
II. The Dynamics of Rebellion, 1765 -1770 C. Parliament Compromises, 1766 1. Repeal of the Stamp Actrepealed by Pitt and Lord Rockingham-reduced tax imposed by Sugar Act however issued the Declaratory Act-which reasserted Parliaments” full power and authority” over the colonies
II. The Dynamics of Rebellion, 1765 -1770 D. Charles Townshend Steps Inhardline reformist 1. Townshend Act of 1767 taxes on colonial imports of paper, paint , glass, and teaused to pay salaries of royal officials in the colonies
II. The Dynamics of Rebellion, 1765 -1770 E. America Debates and Resists Again 1. A Second Boycott and the Daughters of Liberty 2. Britain Threatens Coercion-British General Thomas Gage and 4, 000 troops dispatched to Boston with orders to stop resistance F. Lord North Compromises, 1770 1. Nonimportation Succeeds- Parliament repeals all Townshend Acts except for the on tea 2. Sovereignty Debated-p 155 -colonists repute supremacy of Parliament and claim equality for American assemblies
III. The Road to Independence, 1771 -1776 A. A Compromise Repudiated 1. The East India Company and the Tea Act. Townshend Acts repealed except for tax on teacolonists anticipate a monopoly on tea that threatens local merchants 2. The Tea Party and the Coercive Acts(aka the Intolerable Acts)-British backlash for Boston Tea Party includes closing of Boston Harbor as well as…ad the opposite effect intended-made colonists will to resist stronger and unified colonies
III. The Road to Independence, 1771 -1776 B. The First Continental Congress 1774 Responds p 158 1. Meeting in Philadelphia- 12 of 13 colonies attend- plan of unity and military proposed not yet adopted, passed a Declaration of Rights and Grievances against Coercive Acts and the Declaratory Act-called for a total boycott(nonimportation)-Pitt lobbied Parliament for recognition of 1 st CC as a lawful body however denied , branded illegal, and Lord North got harsher-included a naval blockade to block trade
III. The Road to Independence, 1771 -1776 C. The Rising of the Countryside 1. Rural Americans-farmers upset with high taxes joined protest along with urban Patriots-threat to Yeoman tradition-Wealthy planter elite of Chesapeake and Southern colonies and slaves would have been loyal to the Crown(Britain)-why do you think so?
III. The Road to Independence, 1771 -1776 D. Loyalists-colonists (did not want to fight for independence –they were loyal to British)also called Torrys-fought with British military E. Patriots-colonists that fought for American independence-became a united force of colonial militias
III. The Road to Independence, 1771 -1776 E. Armed Resistance Begins p 163 1. Minutemen-citizen militia in response to Gage raids. Battles of Lexington and Concord and Bunker Hill
III. The Road to Independence, 1771 -1776 (cont) F. The Second Continental Congress Organizes for Warcreates a continental army names George Washington leader 1. Congress versus King George-offer of “ Olive Branch” but denied 2. Fighting in the South-North Carolina-Slaves and indentured servants promised their freedom if they fought for Loyalists 3. Thomas Paine’s Common Sense-most influential of all Patriot propaganda 4. Independence Declared-Enlightenment ideology along with a long list of grievances against King George made up the Declaration of Independence by Thomas Jeffersoncausing loyalists to withdraw from Congress
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