James A Henretta Rebecca Edwards Robert O Self
James A. Henretta Rebecca Edwards Robert O. Self America’s History Seventh Edition CHAPTER 27 Walking Into Freedom Land: The Civil Rights Movement, 1941 -1973 Copyright © 2011 by Bedford/St. Martin’s
I. The Emerging Civil Rights Struggle, 1941 -1957 A. Life under Jim Crow 1. South-blacks disenfranchised, legally segregated, impoverished despite large black population 2. North- blacks segregated through discrimination and mob violence-social not legal segregation and discrimination in jobs, education and housing-confined to urban areas-whites to suburbs
I. The Emerging Civil Rights Struggle, 1941 -1957 B. Origins of the Civil Rights Movement(after W. E. B. Du. Bois and Marcus Garvey) 1. World War II-treatment of blacks in US comparable to Nazis 2. Urban Middle Class-black middle class grew after WWII-many college educated-worked for reform
I. The Emerging Civil Rights Struggle, 1941 -1957 C. World War II: The Movement Begins 1. Executive Order 8802 -FDR order to prevent discrimination in defense industry-pressure from A. Phillip Randolph 2. The Double V Campaign-African-American vision of victory in WWII and for equal rights in U. S.
I. The Emerging Civil Rights Struggle, 1941 -1957 D. Cold War Civil Rights 1. Civil Rights and the New Deal Coalition-Truman appointed Civil Rights Committee , integrated military, tried to end poll tax-recognized that racism hurt the US respect abroad-Southern Democrats created the segregationist Dixiecrat party(Strom Thurmond) 2. Race and Anti-Communism-racists claimed that civil rights supporters were communist-
I. The Emerging Civil Rights Struggle, 1941 -1957 E. Mexican and Japanese Americans Organize 1. Mexican Americans-disenfranchised by poll taxes and discrimination 2. Japanese Americans-sued to regain property from relocation F. The Legal Strategy and Brown v. Board of Education 1. Thurgood Marshall- p 859 -861 backlash from school integration 2. Brown v. Board of Education-Supreme Court ruled that separate educational facilities were not
II. Forging a Protest Movement, 1955 -1966 A. Nonviolent Civil Disobedience-(Gandhi)in response to South ignoring integration laws-study Emmett Till case 1. Montgomery Bus Boycott-Rosa Parks instigated , MLK(SCLC) 1955 2. Greensboro Sit-Ins-Greensboro, NC 1961 successful-black college students-grassroots movement 3. Ella Baker and SNCC-helped organize sit ins 4. Freedom Rides-organized by CORE-young black and white students rode buses throughout the South testing violations of the law in racist Southern cities
II. Forging a Protest Movement, 1955 -1966 B. Legislating Civil Rights 1. The Battle for Birmingham-marchers treated violently by police-TV cameras captured the scene-inspired JFK to promise a new civil rights bill “Letters from a Birmingham Jail”-appealed to moral and Christian beliefs p 867 -Medgar Evans, George Wallace
2. March on Washington and the Civil Rights Act 1963 Lincoln Memorial-” I Have a Dream” – Racist murders, JFK assassination, LBJ Civil Rights Bill-ended legal discrimination 1964 p 868 3. Freedom Summer-1964 Mississippi-to register blacks to vote-4 activists murdered 4. Selma and the Voting Rights Act –march to Birmingham turned violent- led LBJ to Voting Rights Act 1965 -ended poll tax , literacy tests led to 24 th amendment
III. Beyond Civil Rights, 1966 -1973 A. Black Nationalism- ex. Nation of Islam (Black Muslims) 1. Malcolm X-radical beliefs differed from MLKadvocated violence for self-defense, became more mainstream after splitting from the Nation of Islamassassinated 1965 2. Black Power-focused on poverty and social injustice (ex. police brutality) 3. Black Panther Party- Bobby Seale and Huey Newton 1966 -Black Pride-reflected in clothing, hairstyle, art, and music-believed in selfdetermination
4. Young Lords-Puerto Rican activists in NYC 5. The New Urban Politics-large black populations in cities elected black mayors and organized for reform
III. Beyond Civil Rights, 1966 -1973 B. Poverty and Urban Violence 1. Urban Violence-LBJ appalled by riots of 1967 2. Kerner Commission Report-said blacks in cities are separate and unequal-violence was their answer-led MLK to focus on poverty and racismassassinated April 4, 1968 -led to massive riots C. Rise of the Chicano Movement 1. Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta-Mexican civil rights in CA. -led a strike by grape pickers and began a hunger strike-was successful 2. Chicano
D. The American Indian Movement-inspired by Black and Chicano movements 1. National Indian Youth Council 2. IAT and AIM-siege of Alcatraz and Wounded Knee
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