James A Henretta Eric Hinderaker Rebecca Edwards Robert
James A. Henretta Eric Hinderaker Rebecca Edwards Robert O. Self America’s History Eighth Edition America: A Concise History Sixth Edition CHAPTER 6 Making War and Republican Governments, 1776– 1789 Copyright © 2014 by Bedford/St. Martin’s
I. The Trials of War, 1776– 1778 A. War in the North 1. Fighting begins 2. Early American retreat
I. The Trials of War, 1776– 1778 B. Armies and Strategies 1. Continental soldiers
I. The Trials of War, 1776– 1778 C. Victory at Saratoga 1. Problems for the British
I. The Trials of War, 1776– 1778 D. The Perils of War 1. Wartime difficulties – Urban populations in the North fled to the countryside; farmers and artisans adapted to a wartime economy. With goods now scarce, government needed supplies for the military; women were critical in supplying materials to the war effort. British and American soldiers harassed and raped women and girls; families were forced to flee their homes for soldiers’ use.
I. The Trials of War, 1776– 1778 E. Financial Crisis • 1. State governments – States were afraid to increase taxes; bonds were used to secure gold or silver; states issued too much paper money. • 2. Continental Congress – National finances also collapsed because government had no authority to impose taxes; Patriots feared further rebellion as families suffered economic devastation.
I. The Trials of War, 1776– 1778 F. Valley Forge 1. General Washington’s retreat Baron von Steuben (former Prussian military officer) trained those men who remained.
II. The Path to Victory, 1778– 1783 A. The French Alliance 1. Support for the Patriots 2. British concerns
II. The Path to Victory, 1778– 1783 B. War in the South 1. Britain’s Southern Strategy 2. Slave combatants: the “triangular war” 3. Guerrilla Warfare in the Carolinas
II. The Path to Victory, 1778– 1783 C. The Patriot Advantage 1. British mistakes - Parliamentarians debated what went wrong in the war; the French alliance and leadership of George Washington were two of the greatest advantages of the Patriots. In the end, it was the American people who decided the outcome, especially the one-third of white colonists who were zealous Patriots. The currency taxes paid by ordinary citizens (a few pennies on each dollar, but millions of dollars changing hands multiple times) financed the American military victory.
II. The Path to Victory, 1778– 1783 D. Diplomatic Triumph 1. Treaty of Paris – Took two years of negotiating; French and Spanish still hoped to make gains in the West Indies; signed treaty in September of 1783; was a formal recognition of American independence. British negotiators did not insist on separate land for Native Americans who aided the British. Fishing rights off of Newfoundland Nova Scotia for Americans were also granted by the Paris treaty; guaranteed freedom to navigate the Mississippi River to American citizens “forever. ” In return, Americans encouraged states to return confiscated property to Loyalists and grant them citizenship. In the Treaty of Versailles (signed simultaneously), British ended war with France and Spain.
III. Creating Republican Institutions, 1776– 1787 A. The State Constitutions: How Much Democracy? 1. Republicanism 2. Pennsylvania’s Controversial Constitution 3. Tempering Democracy
III. Creating Republican Institutions, 1776– 1787 B. Women Seek a Public Voice 1. Postwar demands
III. Creating Republican Institutions, 1776– 1787 C. The War’s Losers: Loyalists, Native Americans, and Slaves 1. Financial gains and losses 2. Native Americans 3. Slaves
III. Creating Republican Institutions, 1776– 1787 D. The Articles of Confederation 1. Approved in Congress November 1777 2. Continuing Fiscal Crisis 3. The Northwest Ordinance
III. Creating Republican Institutions, 1776– 1787 E. Shays’s Rebellion 1. State governments 2. Rebellion in Massachusetts
IV. The Constitution of 1787 A. The Rise of a Nationalist Faction 1. Money debates
IV. The Constitution of 1787 B. The Philadelphia Convention 1. The Virginia and New Jersey Plans 2. The Great Compromise 3. Negotiations over Slavery 4. National Authority
IV. The Constitution of 1787 C. The People Debate Ratification 1. The Antifederalists 2. Federalists Respond 3. The Constitution Ratified
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