Jain Agam Literature Pravin K Shah Jain Study

Jain Agam Literature Pravin K. Shah Jain Study Center of North Carolina (Raleigh) 509 Carriage Woods Circle Raleigh NC 27607 -3969 919 -859 -4994 and fax E-mail: education@jaina. org Website: www. jaina. org

Index §Jain Agam (Canonical) Literature • Definition • Classification • Listings of Sutras • Summary of Agams by Jainsects • History of Preservation • Agam substitute Literature of Digambar • Authors of Agam Literature • Agam Sutras based on Fourteen Purvas

Index §Commentary on Jain Agams • Niryukti • Bhasya • Churni • Tika §Non-Agam Jain Literature • Various Subjects and Languages • Jain Authors • Important Jain Literature

Jain Agam (Canonical) Literature (Shrut, Sutra, Dvadsangi, Ganipitikas, Siddhant) Definition Ø Absolute Point of View - Nishchay-naya (from Reader or Listener point of view) • Enhances Spiritual Life • Finds Happiness within • Reduces Kashays (greed, anger, lust, ego etc. ) within Ø Empirical Point of View – Vyavahar Naya (from Author or Speaker point of view) • Teaching of Jina (Aapt, Tirthankar, Arihant, Arhat) who has conquered attachment and aversion • Preach Universal Truth • Conduct - Equanimity, Compassion, Universal affection, Friendship • Thought - Principle of Relativity

Jain Agam (Canonical) Literature (Shrut, Sutra, Dvadsangi, Ganipitikas, Siddhant) Major Languages Ø Ardha-maghadhi Prakrut 400 to 100 BC Ø Jain Maharachtri 100 to 500 AD

Jain Sects Digambar Swetambar Monks - no cloths Monks - white cloths Murtipujak Nonmurtipujak Murtipujak Bisa-panthi Bhattarak Tradition Orthodox murtipujak Orthodox Taran-panthi Taran-taran-swami Terah-panthi Banarasidas (18 th Cen) Ahimsak and Simple Murtipujak murtipujak Nonmurtipujak Sthanak-vasi Lokashah (14 th Cen) Tera-panthi Acharya Bhikku (16 th Cen)

Jain Agam Literature (Jain Scriptures) Ang-agams 12 Scriptures (all sects) Ganadhars 11 Ang-agams Swetambar - all survived Digambar - all extinct 12 th Ang-agam Drastivad 14 Purvas - all extinct Angbahya-agams 14/34/21 Scriptures 14/10 Purvi Acharyas Digambar Angbahyaagams 14 scriptures (all sects) All extinct Swetambar Angbahyaagams 34/21 Scriptures All survived Upang 12 Murtipujak 12 Non-murtipujak Five Parikarmas Chhed-sutra 6 Murtipujak 4 Non-murtipujak Sutra Prathamanuyog Mool-sutra 4 Murtipujak 3 Non-murtipujak Chulika Fourteen Purva-gatas Five Chulikas 2 Murtipujak 2 Non-murtipujak Prakirna 10 Murtipujak 0 Non-murtipujak

Ang-pravistha Agam §Direct Teachings of Lord Mahavir §Composed by Ganadhars § 12 Ang-pravishta Agams §Digambar (all sects) • All 12 Ang-agams are extinct during 364 B. C. to 157 AD. §Shwetambar (all sects) • 11 Ang-agams are survived • 12 th Ang Agam is extinct during 356 BC to 474 AD.

Ang-pravistha Agams 1. Acharang 2. Sutra-kratang 3. Sthanang 4. Samavay-ang 5. Vhakhya-prajnapti or Bhagavati 6. Jnata-dharma-kathang 7. Upasaka-dashang 8. Antahkra-dashang 9. Anuttaroupa-patika-dashang 10. Prashna-vyakran 11. Vipaka-sutra 12. Drishti-pravada or Drishtivad

Drishti-pravada-anga 12 th Ang-agam Divided into Five Parts: 1. Five Parikarmas 2. Sutra 3. Pratham-anuyoga 4. Fourteen Purvas 5. Five Chulikas

Drishti-pravada-anga §Five Parikarmas • Chandra-prajnapti • Surya-prajnapti • Jambu-dvipa-prajnapti • Dvip-prajnapti • Vyakhya-prajnapti §Sutra • An account of 363 false creeds §Pratham-anuyoga • Life stories of 63 great Leaders – 24 Tirthankars – 12 Chakra-vartis – 9 Narayans or Vasudevs – 9 Prati-narayans or Prati-vasudevs – 9 Bal-bhadras or Baldevs

Listings of 14 Purvas 1. Utpada-purva • Describes the origination, destruction, and permanence nature of substances 2. Agraya-niya • Describes Seven Tattvas, and Six Dravyas 3. Viryanu-vad • Describes the power and qualities of living and nonliving substances. 4. Asti-nasti-pravad • Seven ways (saydvad) of considering things and their usage. 5. Jnana-pravad • Eight types of knowledge (Jnana) 6. Satya-pravad • Description of truth, silence, speakers 7. Atma-pravad • Description of soul (Atma) from Nischaya and Vyavahar point of view

Listings of 14 Purvas (Cont. . ) 8. Karma-pravad Bondage and its modification of karma to the soul 9. Pratya-khyan • Description of vows, penances, repentances, and renunciations of bad things 10. Vidyanu-vad • Acquiring special power by learning various Mantras and other knowledge 11. Kalyan-vad • Description of the grand celebrations of great events (Kalyanak) 12. Prana-vad • Knowledge about removal of pains caused by spirit, ghost, snake. . . 13. Kriya-visal • Description 72 arts of man and 64 arts of woman 14. Triloka-bindu-sara • Way of attaining Moksha and its blissful state and permanent happiness •

Five Chulikas Chulika knowledge acquires extra ordinary power 1 Jala-gata Power to walk on water, staying in the water, passing through fire etc • 2 Sthala-gata • Travel to mount Meru, Mahavideh etc 3 Maya-gata • Power to perform miracles 4 Rupa-gata • Transformation of body into various forms 5 Akasa-gata • Travel into space

Ang-bahya Agams: §Composed by Sthaviras • Compiled by 14 or 10 Purvi Acharyas §Digambar • All sects believes – 14 books §Shwetambar • • Murti-pujak Non-murti-pujak - 34 books - 21 books

Digambar's Ang-bahya Agams 1. Samayik 2. Samstava 3. Vandana 4. Prati-kraman 5. Vinaya 6. Kriti-karma 7. Das-vaikalik 8. Uttar-adhyayan 9. Kalpa-vyavahara 10. Kalpa-kalpa 11. Mahakalpa-sanjnaka 12. Pundarika 13. Maha-pundarika 14. Nishidika All 14 Ang-bahya Agams are extinct during 364 B. C. to 157 A. D.

Shwetambar's Ang-bahya Agams Sect. . . A B Upang Agams Chhed-sutra Agams 12 6 12 4 Mul-sutra Agams 4 3 Chulika-sutra Agams 2 2 Prakirna Agams 10 0 Total 34 21 §A = Swetambar Murti-pujak sect §B = Swetambar Nonmurti-pujak sect

Shwetambar's Ang-bahya Agams Upang Agams 1. Aupa-patika 2. Raja-prasniya 3. Jivabhigam 4. Prajnapana 5. Jambu-dvipa-prajnapti 6. Surya-prajnapti 7. Chandra-prajnapti 8. Nirayavali or Kalpika 9. Kalpa-vatansika 10. Pushpika 11. Pushpa-chulika 12. Vrashni-dasha §Accepted by Murti Pujak and Non-murti Pujak sects.

Shwetambar's Ang-bahya Agams: §Chhed-sutra Agams: 1. Nishitha 2. Maha-nishitha 3. Vyavahara* 4. Das-sruta-skandha 5. Brahat-kalpa 6. Panch-kalpa (now extinct) or Jit-kalpa* §Mul-sutra Agams 1. Avasyaka 2. Dasha-vaikalika 3. Uttara-dhyan 4. Ogha-niryukti or Pinda-niryukti* §Chulika-sutra Agams 1. Nandi-sutra 2. Anuyoga-dvara * Not accepted by Non-murti pujak sect

Shwetambar's Ang-bahya Agams: Prakirna Agams 1. Chatuh-sarana 2. Samstarak 3. Atura-pratya-khyana 4. Bhakti-parijna 5. Tandul-vaitalika 6. Chandra-vedhyaka 7. Devendra-stav 8. Ganit-vidya 9. Maha-pratya-khyan 10. Vir-stave None are accepted by Non-murti pujak sect

Agam Summary by Jain Sects Digambar (all sects) Ø 12 th Ang Agam (14 Purvas) extinct by 356 BC Ø Remaining 11 Angs and 14 Ang-bahya extinct by 157 AD Ø Agam Substitute Literature –Satkhand Agam –Kashay-pahud –Four Anuyogs consist of several books Shwetambar (all sects) Ø 12 th Ang Agam (14 Purvas) extinct by 474 AD Ø 11 Ang-pravishta Agams Survived Shwetambar Murtipujak Ø Accepts 34 Ang-bahya Agams Shwetambar Nonmurtipujak Ø Accepts 21 Ang-bahya Agams

History of Preservation § First Recension (226 BC) • Patali-putra by Sthulibhadra Ø 11 Ang Agams orally complied Ø 14 Purvas not remembered Ø Later Sthulibhadra complied 10 Purvas § Second Recension (374 AD to 387 AD) • Mathura by Skandil and Valabhi by Nagarjun Ø Agams and Anuyogs documented § Third Recension (527 AD) • Valabhi by Devardhi-gani Ø Prakirnas documented Ø Agams and Anuyogs reviewed/preserved Ø Differences documented in Churni Ø Agam works settled (Catalog in Nandi Sutra) § Current Status • Deviation from Nandi Sutra Ø Many Prakirnas are extinct Ø Vir-stava and Pind-niryukti added after words

Commentary Literature §To study Jain Agams, Ø one requires to study complete Panchagini of each Agam. §Panchagini (Consist of Five Types) • • • Original Sutras Niryukti Bhasya Churni Tika

Niryukti Literature Written on Agam sutras • • • Prakrit Language Poetic Form and Short Provides General Meaning of Agam sutras Contains • Historical Incidences • Old Traditions, Stories, and Examples • Philosophy, Principles, and Conducts Author - Bhadrabahu-swami (second before 600 AD) • Written on 10 Agams Independent Niryukties • Sanstarak Niryukti • Govind Niryukti or Darshan Prabhavak Shastra • Aradhana Niryukti

Bhasya Literature Written on Agam and Niryukti • Prakrit Language • Poetic Form • Provides Specific Meaning Contains • Prachin (old) Anushruties • Jatak Stories • Provides Good Understanding of –History of Jainism –Conducts and Behavior of Monks Authors • Sanghdas-gani • Jinbhadra-gani • Written - 400 to 600 A. D.

Churni Literature Written on Agam, Niryukti, Bhasya • Prakrit mixed Sanskrit Language • Prose Form • Contains Jatak and Religious Stories Provides Good Understanding • • • Social Customs Business Food Habits Festivals Clothing of people Author - Jindas-gani Mahattar 600 AD

Tika Literature Written on Agam sutras, Niryukti, Bhasya, and Churni • Sanskrit mixed with Prakrit stories • Most Important to understand Agam literature Prominent Tika Authors • Haribhadra-suri (705 to 755 A. D. ) Ø Prajnapana, Avasyaka*, Nandi, Dasha-vaikalika*, Anuyoga -dvara • Shilanka-suri (8 th century) Ø Acharang, Sutra-kratang • Abhaydev (11 th century) Ø 9 of 11 Ang agams • Malladhari Hemchandra (11 th century) Ø Anuyogdvar • Acharya Malay-giri (11 th century) Ø Nandi, Prajnapana, Jiva-bhigama, Brahat-kalpa, Rajpashniya, Chandra-pragnapti, Avasyak* • Shanti-suri (1563 A. D. ) Ø Uttara-dhyan Sutra Vrahat Tika*

Jain Literature Classification §Code English Name Prakrit Name §A §B §C §D §E §F §G §H §J §K §M §N §P §Q §R §S §T §U Tattvajnan Adhyatma Yoga, Dhyan Karma Darshan, Naya, Praman Charnanuyoga Niti, Upadesh Lok Svarup Puran, Katha, Rupak, Vyang Stotra, Mantra, Puja Lalit Kavya, Kavya Shastra, Natak Alankar Dictionary, Kosha, Lokjnan Vyakaran Ganit Jyotish Padarth Vijnan Rajniti Metaphics Spiritual/Philosophy Meditation Karma Logic Conduct Morality Astronomy Story, Biography Ritual and Sutras Drama and Poetry Figures of speech Dictionary Grammar Mathematics Astrology Physics Politics

Jain Authors § Kundkunda-charya (1 st century) • Ashta Pahud B • Baras Anuvekkha (Anupreksha) B • Das Bhakti Granth B • Niyamsar B • Panchastikaya B • Pravachansar B • Samaysar B § Umaswati or Umaswami (2 nd century) • Tattvarth Sutra A • Prashama-rati Prakarana B • Tattvarth Bhasya A § Siddhasen Divakar or Gandh-hasti (5 th century) • • • Dvatrishika Stotra Kalyan Mandir Stotra (S) Nyayavatar Sanmati-tark (prakaran) Tattvarth Bhasya K K E E A

Jain Authors § Samant-bhadra (5 th century) • Apta Mimansa (Devagma Stotra) E • Ratna Karand Shravakachar F • Stuti Vidya K • Svayambhu Stotra K § Pujyapad or Devanandi (6 th century) • Ishtopadesh G • Jainendra Vyakaran Q • Samadhi Sataka • Samadhi Tantra C • Sarvarth Siddhi (Tattvarth tika) A • Siddhi Priya Stotra K § Akalank (7 th century) • Ashtashati (Apta Mimansha tika) E • Lagiyasraya E • Nyaya Vinishchaya E • Praman Sangraha E • Siddhi Vinishchaya E

Jain Authors §Haribhadra-suri (8 th century) • Anekant Jaya Pataka E • Anuyogadvara C • Asada-kavikrata Upadesha F • Dharma Bindu F • Dharma Samgrahani F • Dhurta-khyan J • Jambudvipa Prajnaapti R • Jiva-bhigam A • Kandati C • Lalit Vistra M • Nandi P • Nyaya Pravesh (tika-non Jain text ) E • Samaraicchakaha J • Savay Pannitti • Shad-darshan Samuccaya A

Jain Authors §Haribhadra-suri (8 th century) cont. . . • • • Tattvarth Sloka Vriti Upadesha Pada Yoga Bindu Yoga Drasti Samucchaya Yoga Shataka A G C C C §Vidyananda (8 th century) • • Apta Pariksha E Ashta Sahasri (Apta Mimansa tika)E Naya-vivarnam E Patrapariksa E Praman Pariksha E Satya Shasan Pariksha E Tattvarth Shloka Vartika (tika) A

Jain Authors §Nemichandra Siddhant Chakravarti (10 th century) • • Brahat Dravya Sangraha Gomatsar Jivakanda Gomatsar Karmakanda Kshetra Ganita Labdhisar (Gomatsar purak) Raghava Pandaviya Kavya Triloksar A D D L D M H §Somdev (10 th century) • • • Adhyatma Tarangini Nitivakyamrit Syadvad Upanishad Upasak Addhayan Yashastilak Champu C U C F I

Jain Authors §Hemchandra (12 th century) • • • Abhidhana Chintamani Alankar Chudamani Anaya-yoga Vyavachchedika Anekartha Namamala Arhan-niti Chhandonu-shasana Deshi Namamala Dhvayashrya Mahakavya Kavyanu Shashana Mahadev Stotra Nighantukosha Paramatma Prakaran P N E P U M P M M K P C

Jain Authors §Hemchandra (12 th century) cont. . • • • Parishishta Parva Praman Mimansa Shesha Namamala Siddha Hemachandra Vyakarana Siddhahema Shabdanu Shasan Trishishta Shalaka Purush Vadanu Shasan Vitarag Stotra Yoga Shastra Vratti Yoga Vinshikas J E P O O I E K C C C

Jain Authors § Yashovijayji (18 th century) • Adhyatma Pariksa • Adhyatma Sara • Adhyatma Upanishad • Ashta Sahasri Vivaran • Dharma Pariksha • Dvatrimshad • Jain Tark Paribhasha • Jnan-bindu-sara • Karma-prakrati Tika • Naya-pradip • Naya-rahasya • Nayamrit Tarangini • Nyaya Khandan Khadya • Nyayalok • Tattvarth Sutra Vriti • Upadesha Rahasya B B B E F K E B D E E E A F