Jacksonian Democracy Unit 5 Election of 1824 The

Jacksonian Democracy Unit 5

Election of 1824: “The Corrupt Bargain” 4 candidates: Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams, John C. Calhoun, and General Andrew Jackson wins popular vote, but not enough electoral votes to be elected Similar to who…. ? 12 th amendment state the House of Reps must choose between the top 3 finishers Clay – finished fourth, but was Speaker of the Souse. Clays hatred for Jackson + support for John Quincy Adams = Jackson Losing and Adams becoming president. Jackson’s supporters call it the “Corrupt Bargain” Adam’s presidency would be plagued with growing sectionalism and the splitting of the republican party.

“Tariff of Abominations” 1828 –Adam’s Presidency Reduced British exports and forced South to buy more expensive goods from the north Southern belief- North getting rich at South’s exspense Supported by New England Calhoun against The Southern Carolina Exposition

Calhoun and the Tariff continued… Denounced tariff as unjust and unconstitutional States should nullify the tariff…. similar to…? Wanted to save the Union by lowering the tariff No other states supported South Carolina and its protest

Election of 1828 Personified the West Reduce role of the gov’t Against Henry Clays system…which was? Unionist and Nationalist Defied Congress and Supreme Court Used Veto Power

Election of 1828 J. Q. A. vs. Andrew Jackson wins…. 178 -83 (electoral votes) “Common Man”, from the West Support came from who? Voter turnout increases Power shift to west from east

New Political Age Two Party System reemerged by 1832 Jacksonian Democrats vs. Whigs (National Republicans) Voter turnout dramatically increases New campaign styles to appeal to the people Voting Reform-Electoral college now chosen by the people

“New Democracy” Politicians appealing to the masses High offices still belonged to the wealthy Democracy’s emphasis change: -government for the people -done by the people Leads to the spoil system…

Jacksonian Democracy White Male Suffrage Spoils System Rewarding Political Supporters with public office Martin Van Buren and the “Albany Regency” Replace Adams-Clay appointees with loyal Jacksonians

Jackson’s Cabinet Informal group of people of about 13 “Kitchen Cabinet” Group never officially met, and did not have too much influence NOT Unconstitutional

Nat Turner's Rebellion Slave Rebellion 1831 Nat Turner Rises up in Virginia! Lasts for days! Finally suppressed…cause widespread Panic. Local Militias kill absurd amounts of slaves in retaliation… Laws passed against educating slaves…think reformation, abolition, education, etc…

Nullification Crisis Jefferson Day Dinner begins the political split between Calhoun and Jackson. States Rights vs. National Rights “Our Union…It must be preserved!” Jackson “The Union, next to our liberty, most dear!”

Nullification Continued… Tariffs marked a major issue between Calhoun and Jackson. Calhoun resigns in 1832 Becomes Senator Calhoun now a fierce sectionalist… States rights and slavery.

Nullification Continued… Calhoun suggests “concurrent majority plan” 2 presidents (N&S), each have veto power. Union could be stable only through representation of the majority and minority

Nullification Controversy of 1832 SC and Tariff of Abominations Jackson attempts to lower the tariff of 1828. 45% to 35% Did not meet southern demands South Carolina Nullifies and threatens secession Jackson threatens to hang ‘nullifiers” and sends naval and military to SC

Jackson VS. Calhoun Henry Clay

Controversy Continued… Henry Clay (Great Compromiser) proposes a compromise… tariff that would gradually lower over time Force Bill enacted which extends the power of the president Aftermath Stepping stone for civil war

Election of 1832 Henry Clay Andrew Jackson Advantage: Highly Advantage: Support of funded Easterners and BUS Advantage: Most newspapers supported Clay and disliked Jackson the masses Advantage: Support overwhelms the wealthy vote **Jackson wins 219 -49**

Jacksonian Democracy Focus on Economy and State’s Rights Divorce government from the economy (laissez faire) Anti-monopoly Return to Jeffersonian More power to the states, equal opportunity

Jackson and the Bank Distrust for the Bank Clay tries to re-charter the bank in 1832 to make it an issue for the election If Jackson signed it, it would alienate western support If he vetoed it, he would alienate the wealthy and the influential of the East Jackson Vetoes BUS Charter says the bank supports the elite (wealthy and stock owners) Appeals to the common people

Pet Banks 23 state banks controlled by Jackson Federal funds transferred funs over to them Biddle wants public to reconsider charter Bank closes

Indian Removal Act 1830 Jackson proposes removing of Native Americans (Cherokee, Creek, Chocktaw, Chickasaw and Seminoles) Mississippi to Oklahoma Sequoyah the only time in recorded history that a member of a non-literate people independently created an effective writing system

Indian Removal

Worcester vs. Georgia (1832) Sam Worcester missionary arrested for teaching Indians without a state license Marshall rules Cherokee nation is a self-sufficient nation that must be recognized Georgia has no jurisdiction in Cherokee land

Worcester vs. Georgia continued… Cherokee can invite whomever they wished to their land Jackson says “John Marshall has made his decision…now let him enforce it!”

Trail of Tears 18, 000 Cherokees forcibly removed 1, 000 miles to Indian Territory (Oklahoma) Soldiers force the march (800 miles) Government officials stole their livestock and money along the way

Birth of Texas By 1821, Stephen Austin tries to migrate 300 families to Texas Tries to Mexicanize them ( requirements were to convert them to Catholicism and allow now slavery) Requirements are ignored by most migrants Mexico Prohibits importation into Texas and prohibits further settlements by Americans refuse and still import slaves and new settlers

Texas continued… Santa Anna (Mexican Dictator) raises army to exert control in Texas. Outlaws all local rights in Texas declares independence in 1836 Santa Anna’s Army invades Goliad, ALAMO America Unites

Defeat at San Jacinto Sam Houston and American army victorious at San Jacinto Santa Anna agrees to withdraw troops and recognize Rio Grande as the new border Does not honor agreements America still aids Texas in its fight for independence Public opinion nullifies neutrality agreement

Jackson’s Dilemma Should he recognize Texas? Would re-open slavery issue among states rights Recognizes Texas on the last day of office North disagrees (anti-slavery petitions) South welcomes Texas left to fend for themselves and feared reprisals from Santa Anna. Also courted the British and French for aid Sam Houston become first president for the Independent Republic of Texas

Election of 1836 Whigs vs. Jacksonian Democrats William Henry Harrison vs. Martin Van Buren wins 170 -73 Whigs beliefs? Many of these beliefs foundation for modern day Republican party.

Jackson’s Legacy Positives Negatives Strong Executive Spoil System leadership Common People Democratic party Death of the BUS Specie Circular Trail of Tears Increased Sectionalism

Van Buren’s Presidency Continued Spoils system Presided over the Panic of 1837 (Jackson’s policies were a major cause) Formalizes the Pet Banks (Independent Treasury System Caroline Incident-Rebellion in Canada threatens war with Britain **He is ineffective as president**

Panic of 1837 Over-speculation yet again Remember Panic of 1819? Bank War and Specie Circular hurts economy Flour Riot 2 Major British banks fail, call in foreign loans

Results of the Panic of 1837 Banks Collapse (including Pet Banks) Commodity prices and public land sale decreases Factories close leading to soaring unemployment Whigs sought expanding bank credit, higher tariffs, and internal improvement funds Treasury Bill of 1840 Independent Treasury system

Election of 1840 Van Buren (D) vs. William Henry Harrison (W) Depression blamed on who? Harrison Wins Significance: 1 st mass turnout election in US history Propaganda and slogans set examples for future campaigns (“Tippecanoe and Tyler Too” and “Log Cabin and Hard Cider) Liberty Party Will Run (Anti-Slavery Agenda)