J 200 Journalism and Mass Media Journalism and

J 200: Journalism and Mass Media Journalism and the Digital Revolution

Objectives for this week and next § History of Digital Revolution § Consideration of its social, economic, political and cultural impacts. J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 2

Breaking News in the NYT § In Fight Between Cable and Satellite, …. ” § “To Grab Young Readers, …. ” § “Newsstands Beckon the Ink-Stained Entrepreneur” § “Patents: Idea for Online Networking…. ” J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 3

Growth of the WWW J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 4

Internet usage, trust § 60+% of Americans say they use the Internet regularly to gather information, and two-thirds have been using the Internet for three or more years. § 97% of I-net users expect to find the information in one or more information categories they need on the Internet, compared to 84% of all Americans. § About 58+% of Americans expect to reach others via e-mail. J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 5

Internet usage, trust § Looking at how Americans trust the information they get on the Web, the survey found: - 69% of all Americans and 85% of Internet users trust the news Web sites. - 67% of all Americans and 81% of users trust the health information sites. - 65% of all Americans and 82% of users trust the government information sites. - 63% of all Americans and 79% of users trust the shopping sites. - 31% of Americans or 34% of net users expect to find reliable information about individuals online. Source: Pew’s Internet and American Life Project, Dec. 2002 J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 6

Distinguishing features of Dig. Rev. § Low production cost § Hardware & software § Greatest cost is time in learning curve § Fluidity and ubiquity of message distribution § Immediate § 24/7/365 globally in multiple languages § NOT necessarily one-to-one, but one to many if so desired § Potential for “mass customization” of message/content. Infinitely “scaleable” in terms of target audience (1 all ) J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 7

Social Implications of Advances in Telecommunication Drawing on the work of Prof. Louis Leung, Ph. D. School of Journalism & Communication University of Wisconsin J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 8

Major points § Intelligent home & information appliances (recall early radio model; GE/RCA) § Social & psychological impact: § Digital isolation § Social fragmentation § Data smog § Downside of e-mail § Cyber relationships § Internet seduction and addiction J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 9

The New Information Age § Intelligent home & Information Appliance § Television + computer = teleputer § Dumb vs. smart appliance § Digital, interactive, two-way § Others: § Web. TV; PDA; 3 G; screenfrige; § Personal digital video recorder J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 10

Information Communication Revolutions § 1 st : Writing in 3500 B. C. § Transform knowledge into information § 2 nd : Printing in A. D. 1455 § Knowledge/data available to everyone § Scientific & technological progress § Share information with future generation or across distances J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 11

Info Communications Revolution § 3 rd : Computing in A. D. 1890 (Hollerith) § Storability, portability, accessibility, processing/analysis § Computers initially used for calculating artillery shell trajectory § Computers first used in journalism § 1952 presidential election § http: //www. cnn. com/TECH/computing/ 9904/30/1952. idg/ J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 12

Information Communication Revolutions § 4 th: Internetworking – ’ 60 s on § Transmission, dissemination, communication § “Public computing/communication” birth c. 1981 -83 § a convergence model of newspaper, radio, and TV on high speed data network J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 13

HTML and beyond § 1989 - Three new technologies for the web-to-be were incorporated into Tim Berners-Lee’s proposal. Briefly, they were § HTML (Hyper. Text Mark-up Language) used to write the web documents, § HTTP (Hyper. Text Transfer Protocol) to transmit the pages, and § a web browser client software program to receive and interpret data and display results. J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 14

The World-Wide Web § The Internet is NOT the World-Wide Web. The WWW is but one segment, or sub-set, of the total Internet § The World Wide Web birth in 1991 § graphic, easy-to-use interface, hyperlink § multimedia -- audio, video, text, animation J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 15

Consistency. § An important concept of his proposal: the client software program's user interface would be consistent across all types of computer platforms so that users could access information from many types of computers J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 16

User Interface § A line-mode user interface (named at CERN, the world wide web or www) was completed in late 1989. § The interface was used on a minor network in March 1991. § May 1991 was the first time that the informationsharing system using HTML, HTTP, and a client software program (www) was fully operational on the multi-platform computer network at the CERN laboratories in Switzerland. J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 17

File Availability § The availability of CERN's files was announced in the Use. NET newsgroup, alt. hypertext, in August 1991. § This was the first time that the availability of the files was announced to the public. J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 18

"Web Server" § All documents coded with HTML elements were stored on one main computer at CERN. This special type of computer was called a " web server" (by the physicists at CERN) because it "served-up" batches of cross-linked HTML documents. § There was only one Web server located at CERN; but by the end of 1992 there were 50+ Web servers in the world. Many of these earliest Web servers were located at universities or other research centers. § These servers were using line-mode interfaces. By June 1999 there were more than 720, 000 public information servers. In April of 2001 there were over 24 million servers (http: //www. netcraft. co. uk/survey/). J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 19

NCSA Mosaic § In 1993 Marc Andreesen was an undergraduate student at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA. § He worked on a project for the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA). § There he led a team that developed “Mosaic” - the graphic interface browser. . J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 20

Releasing Mosaic - 1993 § The first pre-Beta version of Mosaic was released in February 1993; demoed in March ‘ 93. § Version 1. 0 of Mosaic was released in September 1993 for the Windows, Macintosh and the X Windows System platforms. § Popularity of the graphical user interface (GUI) browser was immediate. J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 21

Paradigm Shift § Computer: § From Calculating device global multimedia communication device § Mainframe PC PDA § Younger gen used to talk used to write ? ? Now behind the screen J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 22

Characteristics of Intelligent Home & information appliances § tend to be digital, computer-driven, and interactive § less restricted by limitation of time and space § old media may assume passive receivers of news and information as their audience § new media require active seekers of content J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 23

The Changing Technology Old Economy 1. 2. 3. 4. Signal Time Carriage Device 5. 6. Quality Direction J 200 - Week New Economy Analog Digital Synchronous Asynchronous Air Multiple Dumb (TV/Radio)Intelligent (Information Appliance) Low High One-way Casting Two-way (Interactive) © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 24

The Changing Customers Old Economy New Economy 1. Role Viewer/Listener 2. Stance Passive User Active 3. Function Consumer Producer or programmer 4. Location Home Everywhere J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 25

The Changing Business 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Control Schedule Funding Advertising Programming The Industry The Business Requirements for Success J 200 - Week Old Economy New Economy Broadcaster Prime time Advertising Hyperbolic Dramatic Cost High Mass Media Stable Sound management Customer Anytime Customer Direct Content Information-based All over the map Molecular Media Volatile Visionary Leadership © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 26

Social Impact of Information Technologies (Some aspects) J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 27

Digital isolation § blessed with fax, voice- and e-mail, computer hookups and TV with hundreds of channels, we don’t have to leave home to work, shop, bank, visit, exercise, and experience “virtual sex” (especially for singles and the lonely) J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 28

Digital isolation § concerns about the effects of an apparently growing obsession with new communication technology § often times causing isolation… § ICQ in their bedroom § Playing their gameboys § in their own world listening to discman/MP 3/walkman J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 29

Social fragmentation § Before cable: it was dominated by a single broadcast medium (e. g. free terrestrial TV like TVB and ATV in HK) § Now, widespread development of cable TV providing a much richer, diverse choice of programming in a multi-channel viewing environment for a variety of audience groups such as women, children, sports, MTV, movies, classics, news, comedy, minority, and gays J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 30

Social fragmentation § although certain major events (e. g. , War in Iraq) could capture virtually the entire viewing audience (i. e. , country or community), common and shared viewing experience are in question J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 31

Consider: § Assumption: technological development may erode one of the most important positive social functions television has served nurturing common culture § Do you agree or disagree with this assumption? Why & why not? J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 32

Data smog “As we have accrued more and more data and information, they have become a commodity – as well as a pollutant. “ -- David Shenk Author of Data smog: Surviving the information glut J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 33

Data smog § For nearly 100, 000 years, information and information technology was almost always a good thing… § developing culture; made us healthier; wealthier; and more tolerant; understand more about how to overcome challenges of life; food is more abundant; have learned how to make political systems function, societies more stable; citizens are freer; individuals empowered; dangerous superstitions and false notions washed away; reduce probability of conflict (with hot lines for better communication) J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 34

Data smog § But now, we began to produce more information than we could process it § For 100, 000 years, three fundamental stages of the communications process – production, distribution, and processing – had been more or less in sync with one another J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 35

Data smog § But in the mid-20 th century, this synchrony was abruptly knocked off track with the introduction of computer, microwave transmission, television, satellites, and the Internet § hyperproduction and hyperdistribution mechanisms surged ahead of human processing ability, leaving us with a permanent processing deficit § in a very short history, we go from a state of information scarcity to one of information surplus J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 36

Data smog § in 1850, 4% American workers handled information for a living, now most do § information processing as opposed to material goods now accounts for more than half of the U. S. GDP § data has become more plentiful and more speedy § computer processing speed has doubled every 2 years for the last 30 years – Moore’s Law J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 37

Data smog § from 1965 -1995, average TV ads shrunk from 53. 1 seconds to 25. 4 seconds § average TV news sound bite shrunk from 42. 3 seconds to 8. 3 seconds § number of ads per TV minute increased from 1. 1 to 2. 4 § information has become a lot cheaper to produce, to manipulate, to disseminate J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 38

Data smog § the real issue for future technology does not appear to be production of information, and certainly not transmission, the difficult question is how to reduce it. -- Eli Noam § or how to filter, scan, screen out the unwanted information -- Fred Williams § just like a “motor drive” that attached to 35 mm camera which shoots many separate exposures in any given second. . click, click… J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 39

Data smog § same with copy machines, e-mail forwarding, copy and paste from Internet § signal-to-noise ratio: how much of the information in our midst is useful? And how much of it gets in the way? § The blank spaces and silent moments in life are fast disappearing. Media is everywhere. J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 40

Data smog § Anywhere you go, all forms of media now follows: § On trains; planes; automobiles; hotel bathrooms; along joggings paths and mount trails; on bikes and boats; giant TV screens adorn stadiums and surround theatrical stages; TVs hang from ceilings in bars and airport lounges; mini-TVs in front of individual seats in new airliners; and ……. . (the list goes on) J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 41

Data smog § cellular telephone conversation creates a new ambience for sidewalks, hallways, even in libraries and theaters; beepers and laptop computers follow us home and come with us on vacation § Portable PCs have replaced the American Express card slogan: “Don’t leave home without it. ” J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 42

Data smog § Information has not only emerged as a currency, but also as a pollutant § Information doesn't have to be unwanted and unattractive to be harmful § E. g. , TV commercial messages are esthetically appealing and each can be considered relatively harmless J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 43

Data smog § But they crept into every corner of our lives – onto our jackets, ties, hats, shirts, wrist-bands, bikes, benches, cars, trucks, taxi, tennis nets, banner trailing behind planes, hanging above sporting and concert events § Bordering web pages; sides of blimps hovering the sky; magazine ads on every single page; magazines inserts sometimes it becomes impossible to determine whether someone is trying to tell you something or sell you something J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 44

Data smog The Law of Data Smog = With information and data production at an all-time high, information overload has surfaced as a contentious social, political, and even emotional problem. J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 45

Consider: § 1. What are some of the personal, societal, and professional implications of the law of data smog? § 2. What are some possible ways of counteracting the incessant barrage of information characteristic of a messagedense society? J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 46

The Downside of E-mail § the “insistent arrogance” and “unstoppable proliferation” of e-mail messages that threaten to drown computer users everywhere in a sea of inelegant and unwanted communication. – Seth Shostak § e-mail has become “an incessant distraction, a nonstop obligation, and a sure source of stress and anxiety § e-mail started out cute – an inoffensive spin-off from a government defense project – to colleagues at universities for among small group of researchers J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 47

The Downside of E-mail § e-mail was something to be checked every week or so § today access to the Internet is widespread, everyone is wired and has something to say § the gentle art of letter writing with pencil and paper is gone § e-mail is aggressive – it has a built-in insistent arrogance § because it arrives more or less instantaneously, the assumption is that you will deal with it quickly – quickly might mean minutes or possibly hours; certainly not days J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 48

The Downside of E-mail § failure to respond directly usually produces a complaint: “Didn't you get my last e-mail? ” § old style exchange of letters allows inquires and response in a few days or a week which could be considered in depth; today, all is knee-jerk reaction § despite being easy to edit, e-mail usually suffers from major spelling faults, grammar, and a lack of logical organization – can be called ASCII graffiti § Effects on writing skills? ? § e-mail is not one-to-one, it can be one-to-many; that is bad news on the receiving end J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 49

The Downside of E-mail § cc: (carbon copy) are being abused and used to prove that people are doing their jobs under the name of keeping everyone informed § vacations have lost their attraction as laptops are brought along in the desperate hope of keeping up with e-mail’s steady drip § of all e-mails we receive on a typical day, about 50% [at BEST] require a reply; others are jokes, irrelevant bulletins, announcements, and spam J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 50

Cyber Relationships § virtual communities – § meet people through communication networks § extends our relationships across time and distance J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 51

Cyber Relationships § Jerry Brown: § Mammals need contact § Human resides in a physical world, not in cyberspace § Meaning of communication and conversation § Need to smell the books, feel of Mosque & churches, meet people in coffee shops, watch ducks swim in lakes § social presence - the degree to which sensory cues are present that convey hidden meanings § Problem of “high tech - low touch” J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 52

Cyber Relationships § low social presence are adequate for information seeking and problem solving, but not for relationship building § less effective when resolving conflicts or forming impressions of new acquaintances (Short, Williams, & Christie, 1976) § people save bad news for in-person contacts than do good news (Dordick & La. Rose, 1992) J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 53

Domestication of the Internet § = the integration of the Internet into the home § In 1999, over 205 million Internet users worldwide § over 3 million users have access to the Internet in § § Hong Kong (48. 7% of all households) PC among all household = 60. 6%; of which 80. 4% online As of April 2002, 757, 000 households have broadband access in Hong Kong, over 33% of all households Over 77% go online at home Nearly 50% go online in the evening J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 54

The debate § Does the Internet improve or harm participation in community life and social relationships? J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 55

2 perspectives: § (1) Internet is causing people to become socially isolated and cut off from genuine social relationships § alone over the terminals or communicate with anonymous strangers through socially impoverished medium J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 56

2 perspectives: § (2) Internet leads to more and better social relationships by freeing people from constraints of geography or isolation brought on by stigma, illness, or schedule § join groups on the basis of common interests rather than convenience J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 57

Civic Engagement and Social Participation Theories § Robert Putnam (1995) “Bowling Alone: The collapse and revival of American community” -- America’s Declining Social Capital § Found broad decline in civic engagement and social participation in the U. S. over the past 35 years: § citizens vote less § go to church less J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 58

Civic Engagement and Social Participation § discuss government with neighbors less § members of fewer voluntary organizations § fewer dinner parties § get together less for civic and social purposes J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 59

Putnam argued: § Major consequences of social disengagement: § At individual level § social fabric and individual lives deteriorated § poor quality of life § diminished physical and psychological health J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 60

Putnam argued: § more social contact = happier both mentally and physically § At societal level § more corruption § less efficient government § more crime J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 61

Putnam argued: § More social engagement: § school runs better § politicians are more responsive § streets are safer § Checks and balances on public agenda J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 62

If this theory has merit, are Internet users engaging or disengaging themselves through ICQ, chat groups, forums, and e-mails? J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 63

The Carnegie Mellon Study J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 64

The Carnegie Mellon Study § tracking social and psychological well- being on 169 people in 73 households over a 2 -year period online (Kraut, 1998) § Purpose: § To examine the social impact of the Internet on social involvement and psychological wellbeing J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 65

Methodology § monitored a panel of families over time (longitudinal) § measured at multiple times J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 66

Demographics Internet use Social involvement & psychological well-being T 1 T 2 Social involvement & psychological well-being (Control group? ) T 3

The MORE Internet used: § declining in the size of their social circle with fewer friends § less time talking with their families § experiencing more daily life stressors § feeling more lonely and depressed J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 68

Gender Age + Income Stress Internet use Social support - Depression Loneliness T 1 - T 2 T 3

Questions: 1. Why did the researchers conclude that relationships maintained over long distances through the Internet erode personal security and happiness? 2. If avid Internet use really does lead to a decline in normal levels of social involvement and psychological well-being. What should be done about it—anything? J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 70

Here is why? § Internet had a negative impact on well- being, why? § (1) Time spent more online may take away from more valuable activities, including social contact, sleep, or reading books § (2) Useful linking people to information and social resources unavailable in people’s closest local groups (e. g. , professional groups) J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 71

Here is why? § (3) many of the social relationship people maintained online are LESS substantial and sustaining than relationship that people have in their actual lives § (4) relationships associated with frequent contact, deep feelings of affection and obligation J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 72

Here is why? § (5) strong social ties are relationships that generally buffer people from life’s stresses § (6) Online (computer-mediated) communication is a LESS adequate medium for social communication than the telephone or face-to-face interactions it displaces § (7) relationships with superficial and easily broken bonds J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 73

Internet and Interpersonal Communication § Internet turned out to be far more social than television § Internet may be more like that of the telephone than television § interpersonal communication is the dominant use of the Internet at home § user must actively involve in the balancing act J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 74

Consider: § How serious is this problem in your personal life? § Any one you know who has the symptoms of Internet addiction? J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 75

Blogs and Journalism § Media writer Mark Jurkowitz wrote in "The Boston Globe" that the Internet writing journals or Web logs called "bogs" may have had a role in the downfall of former majority leader Senator Trent Lott (RMS). § It appears that many mainstream journalists read the writings of "bloggers" who dug into Lott's segregationist past and kept the story alive until picked up by the mainstream press. § "Whatever the bloggers' impact in the Lott case, the episode did serve to turn the spotlight on a hybrid form of [online] journalism/commentary/conversation that is exploding into the media landscape. " § It is estimated that there were about one million bloggers in 2002, which is a 50% jump from 2001. Perhaps another half million or more this year. J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 76

More on Blogs § Bill Mitchell, online editor at the journalism think tank, the Poynter Institute, thinks that bloggers will become an important "adjunct" to the journalism field. § Blogs are read by mainstream journalists, much like they read the specialized trade press for story ideas. § Mitchell concluded, "If I were a beat reporter, I would think a blog would be a really valuable part of my tool kit [given] the opportunity it creates for journalists to selectively serve particular chunks of the audience. " It is also interesting to note that there are more Weblogs applications, such as: 1. blogmapping: Go to www. blogmapper. com to see how you can click on a map and get related blogs. 2. Richer than text blogs, which use new technology to integrate digital pictures or audio or video. J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 77

Blog history § First news blog: Dispatches from the Coast -- First known use of the Weblog format to cover a breaking story by a news site (Aug. 26 - 28, 1998, The Charlotte Observer, covering Hurricane Bonnie). Read a behind-the-scenes look at the making of Dispatches from the Coast. . . J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 78

New messages § Political “Cartoons” http: //www. idleworm. com/index. shtml J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 79

Characteristics of the digital power shift § Ubiquitous § Interactive § Bi-directional, immediate feedback § Go back to Week III’s and the analytic matrix J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 80

John Seely Brown. Fundamental digital Dynamics J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 81

John Seely Brown-Amazing Digital Disk J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 82

John Seely Brown- Digital Age Shifts J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 83

New channels § Meetup http: //www. meetup. com/ J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 84

Journalism and Bloggs § The Cyber. Journalist List The Internet's most complete directory of J-Blogs http: //www. cyberjournalist. net/cyberjourn alists. html J 200 - Week © J. T. Johnson 1999 -2003 _______________Fall 2003 85