IV Boundaries Vertical lines that establish the limit
IV. Boundaries • Vertical lines that establish the limit of each state’s jurisdiction and authority • Claims and boundaries are 3 dimensional • Subsoil Resource disputes (1990 -Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, led to Gulf War) • Airspace extends into air traffic (no fly zones) (satellites next? )
The Evolution of Boundaries • Definition: the official establishment or documentation of a boundary • Treaty • Legal document • Example: 2000 Macedonia-Serbia and Montenegro delimitation agreement
The Evolution of Boundaries Delimitation: placing of the boundary on a map
The Evolution of Boundaries Demarcation: marking of the boundary by some method on the ground
Boundary Types • Natural (physical): based on recognizable physiographic features • Mountains, rivers, and lakes • Can cause disputes
Boundary Types • Law of the Sea-158 countries A. Territorial Zone • 12 Nautical miles (14 land mi), allow for innocent passage (expeditious and continuous in manner) B. Contiguous Zone • 12 Nautical miles, regulate customs, taxation, immigration C. Exclusive Economic Zone • 200 Nautical Miles, rights to resources • Beyond EEZ=International Waters
Boundary Types • Geometric (Artificial): follows parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude • 49 th parallel United States & Canada • Africa, Asia, Americas
Boundary Types • Cultural/Religious: separate groups by a common cultural trait • India and Pakistan
Boundary Origins • Antecedent: border drawn before it was well populated • United States & Canada
Boundary Origins • Subsequent: border drawn after the development of the cultural landscape • 2 types: • Consequent • Superimposed
Boundary Origins • Subsequent Consequent (ethnographic): border drawn to accommodate existing religious, linguistic, or ethnic differences • N. Ireland
Boundary Origins • Subsequent Superimposed Boundaries: forced on an existing cultural landscape, country, or people by a conquering colonial power • Unconcerned about preexisting cultural patterns • Great Britain = India/Pakistan
Boundary Origins • Relict/relic Boundary: former boundary that no longer functions • Differences on each side of the border are still evident Ex. Berlin Wall
Boundary Disputes
Definitional/Positional Boundary Disputes • Focus on the legal language of the boundary agreement • A boundary agreement may base a boundary on a landmark that has moved or no longer visible • Ex. Argentina and Chile
Locational Boundary Disputes • The delimitation and possible demarcation of the border is in dispute. How should the border be interpreted?
Operational/Functional Disputes • Neighboring states disagree over policies to be applied along a boundary • Ex. Immigration into the U. S. from Mexico
Allocation/Resource Disputes • Neighboring states can argue about the distribution of resources • Ex. • Iraq v. Kuwait (oil) • Georgia vs. AL & FL (Chattahoochee River) • Georgia vs. Tennessee
Territorial Disputes • A subsequent boundary divides an ethnically homogenous group • Irredentism- irredentism tries to justify its territorial claims on the basis of (real or imagined) historic or ethnic affiliations. It is often advocated by nationalist movements and has been a feature of political geography. vocating annexation of territories administered by another state on the grounds of common ethnicity or prior historical possession • Ex. Kashmir (India vs. Pakistan and China)
Capitals • Typically are centrally located to allow for equal access • Many capitals have become distant to many areas due to growth: Washington D. C. • Some capitals have been relocated to make them more accessible
Capitals • Usually located in the core area and frequently the focus of it • Capital cities are also frequently the largest or the Primate City (usually associated with lesser-developed countries) • Primate City: dominates the economic structure of the entire country
Forward-Thrust Capital City • Deliberately sited in a state’s interior • Brazil relocated its capital from Rio de Janeiro to a new city called Brasilia • Nigeria – Abuja • Kazakhstan – Astana
Brasilia
Brasilia
Brasilia
Nigeria - Abuja
Nigeria - Abuja
Kazakhstan – Astana
Kazakhstan – Astana (new) Almaty (old)
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