Its Cold 1192012 2062014 Oregon State University Crop

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Its Cold! 1/19/2012 2/06/2014 Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. |

Its Cold! 1/19/2012 2/06/2014 Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences | Alex Hughan 2

mm c Si ons Eri Discovering the overwintering habits of D. suzukii Alex Hughan*,

mm c Si ons Eri Discovering the overwintering habits of D. suzukii Alex Hughan*, Amy J Dreves, and Amanda Ohrn ns mo Er ns mo ic S im Er im ic S Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences | Alex Hughan 3

Overwintering Abilities of SWD • Little is known in literature • 400 flies (Kanzawa

Overwintering Abilities of SWD • Little is known in literature • 400 flies (Kanzawa 1939) • <1% survival over 3 years • Trap catch shows same trend • Winter refuges & heat island effect (Coop and Dreves Unpublished) • Late fall morph • Increased cold acclimation ability ons c Si mm Eri (Shearer and Brown Unpublished Data) Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences | Alex Hughan 4

Overwintering Abilities of Drosophila Family • D. melanogaster species group • Stored triacylglycerols (Ohtsu

Overwintering Abilities of Drosophila Family • D. melanogaster species group • Stored triacylglycerols (Ohtsu et al. 1993) • Cold hardening and acclimation (Rajamohan et al. 2009) • D. pseudoobscura • Reproductive diapause (Collett et al. 2001) • Fertile sperm storage (Collett et al. 2001) Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences | Alex Hughan 5

Motivation of SWD • Food • Protection • Acquire Mates Oregon State University |

Motivation of SWD • Food • Protection • Acquire Mates Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences | Alex Hughan 6

Behavior of SWD • Fall • Decomposing and late harvest fruits • splitting grapes,

Behavior of SWD • Fall • Decomposing and late harvest fruits • splitting grapes, decomposing apples, figs, walnut, persimmons • Winter • Shift in abundance from crops to bordering trees • Blueberries to surrounding trees • Spray fields show greater SWD abundance than no spray • Spring • Feeding prior to oviposition Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences | Alex Hughan 7

Past Hypotheses and Observations • “It is said” between leaves and pebbles (Kyoiku 2003)

Past Hypotheses and Observations • “It is said” between leaves and pebbles (Kyoiku 2003) • D. pseudoobscura • Fermenting leaves (Collett et al. 2001) Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences | Alex Hughan 8

Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and

Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences | Alex Hughan 9

How can we utilize this knowledge? • Management practices • Attract and kill •

How can we utilize this knowledge? • Management practices • Attract and kill • Mass trapping • Windows of opportunity Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences | Alex Hughan 11

So where are they? Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. |

So where are they? Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences | Alex Hughan 12

Soil or duff layers? Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. |

Soil or duff layers? Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences | Alex Hughan 13

Soil? Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean

Soil? Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences | Alex Hughan 14

Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and

Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences | Alex Hughan 15

Soil? Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean

Soil? Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences | Alex Hughan 16

Fallen Fruit? Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of

Fallen Fruit? Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences | Alex Hughan 17

Fallen Fruit? Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of

Fallen Fruit? Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences | Alex Hughan 18

Fallen Fruit? Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of

Fallen Fruit? Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences | Alex Hughan 19

Fallen Fruit? Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of

Fallen Fruit? Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences | Alex Hughan 20

Hanging Fruit? Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of

Hanging Fruit? Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences | Alex Hughan 21

Hanging Fruit? Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of

Hanging Fruit? Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences | Alex Hughan 22

Hanging Fruit? Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of

Hanging Fruit? Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences | Alex Hughan 23

Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and

Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences | Alex Hughan 24

Lichens or barks of bordering trees? Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci.

Lichens or barks of bordering trees? Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences | Alex Hughan 25

Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and

Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences | Alex Hughan 26

Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and

Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences | Alex Hughan 27

Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and

Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences | Alex Hughan 28

Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and

Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences | Alex Hughan 29

Lichens or barks of bordering trees? Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci.

Lichens or barks of bordering trees? Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences | Alex Hughan 30

Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and

Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences | Alex Hughan 31

Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and

Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences | Alex Hughan 32

Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and

Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences | Alex Hughan 33

Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and

Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences | Alex Hughan 34

Or maybe the leaf litter? Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept.

Or maybe the leaf litter? Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences | Alex Hughan 35

Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and

Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences | Alex Hughan 36

Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and

Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences | Alex Hughan 37

Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and

Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences | Alex Hughan 38

Results Location (Sample Type) SWD Presence Soil/Duff No Fallen Fruit Yes (8) Hanging Fruit

Results Location (Sample Type) SWD Presence Soil/Duff No Fallen Fruit Yes (8) Hanging Fruit Yes (6) Cardboard Condo No Trees/Lichens Bug Vacuum Yes (5) Leaf Litter No Underneath board in hoophouse Yes (3) Under black plastic lining strawberries Yes (2) ns mo Er im ic S Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences | Alex Hughan 39

Predator survey of leaf litter/soil/debris collected under late-season blueberry plants 2012 40

Predator survey of leaf litter/soil/debris collected under late-season blueberry plants 2012 40

How can we interpret these finding? • Preference for sites providing • Shelter (Architecture)

How can we interpret these finding? • Preference for sites providing • Shelter (Architecture) • Fuel • Future research a need for conclusive results! Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences | Alex Hughan 41

A Needle in a Haystack • Assumptions: • OW SWD Population = 5000 individuals/acre

A Needle in a Haystack • Assumptions: • OW SWD Population = 5000 individuals/acre • Farm Size (BBM) = 6 square acre’s w/ 33 m ceiling • Each fly has a ~27 m^3 volume space at BBM!! Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences | Alex Hughan 42

What questions exist? • What triggers SWD to enter diapause? • Winter survival more

What questions exist? • What triggers SWD to enter diapause? • Winter survival more passive or active? (<1%) • What have SWD’s cousin’s done? Eric Sim Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences | Alex Hughan 43 mo ns

Thank You • Amy J Dreves, Amanda Ohrn for your mentorship thus far. •

Thank You • Amy J Dreves, Amanda Ohrn for your mentorship thus far. • A special thank you to Rich Little (retired entomologist) and Amy J Dreves for the planning and creation of an effective bug vacuum • BBM and DF for hosting my research on their land. • USDA-NIFA-SCRI Grant Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences | Alex Hughan 44

Questions? Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean

Questions? Oregon State University | Crop and Soil Sci. Dept. | College of Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences | Alex Hughan 45

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