Italy Germany 1920 s 30 s Benito Mussolini

Italy & Germany 1920 s & 30 s

Benito Mussolini Fascist leader in Italy, 1920 s-1945

Fascism A socialist state where government would control industry, education, social welfare programs & transportation. Include: - deification of the state (supernationalism) - indoctrination; - denial of basic freedoms; - economic independence through military power & imperialism.

Mussolini promised that the trains would run on time. 95 Mussolini

Mussolini’s army moving into Ethiopia, 1935 91 Mussolini

Mussolini’s army moving into Ethiopia, 1935 94 Mussolini. Video

Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie 105 Ethiopia

Adolf Hitler • • son of a customs official in Austria served in the military in WW I studied architectural design worked for the German government as an investigator. • investigated & then joined the Nazi Party.

Adolf Hitler proclaiming his Nazi philosophy.

Nazis National Socialist German Workers’ Party Advocated a racist dictatorship with characteristics similar to Fascism. Their ideas were promoted through propaganda speeches and militaristic rituals.

Mien Kampf (1923) • Hitler’s autobiography “My struggle” • It contains his racist & political philosophy which is similar to fascism. • It also argues that the “Aryans” (especially Germans) are a superior race and in spirit of Social Darwinism (“surivival of the fittest”) Aryans are destined to rule or dominate the world.

Nazi SA “storm troops” 132 SS/SA

Reichstag Fire blamed on Communists 134 Reichstag Fire

Nazi’s won a majority in the Reichstag after the fire 135 Hitler. Chancellor

Swastika: Nazi symbol of German unity 136 Nazi

Adolf Hitler 145 Hitler

Eva Braun, Hitler’s mistress 122 Eva. Mistress

Hitler & Nazi propaganda 189 Hitler

Joseph Goebbels, Hitler’s master propagandist 141 J. Goebbels

Adolf Hitler “inspiring” German youth 146 Hitler/youth

Nazi youth propaganda 151 Nazi. Youth

Jesse Owens performed better than the Germans in the 1936 olympics.

German women encouraged to breed healthy children 147 German. Women

Rome-Berlin Axis: Mussolini & Hitler, 1936 190 Rome-Berlin

Spanish Civil War When Francisco Franco tried to overthrow the Republican government in Spain (1938), Germany & Italy provided military assistance. Western European democracies stayed out of the conflict. This event demonstrated that Germany & Italy were well prepared for WW II.

Generalissimo Francisco Franco overthrew the Spanish Republic in 1936 with the help of Italy & Germany. The democracies did little to defend the Republic.

Appeasement (pacification) Soon after the Spanish Civil War, Hitler began taking over other territories including Austria and Czechoslovakia. When Europen leaders met at Munich (1938), Hitler gave false promises that he had no other territorial expansion plans. British PM Neville Chamberlain was praised (but later criticized) for “appeasing Hitler at Munich.

German occupation of Austria 185 Austria

Hitler taking over Austria

Hitler taking the Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia) 198 Sudetenland

Chamerberlain at Munich, “Peace in our times” 197 Chamberlain/Munich

“Spineless Leaders of Democracy” appeasing Hitler

Nazi Concentration Camps From about 1939 - 1945 Hitler maintained concentration camps to exterminate Jews, Communists & anyone else that he regarded as an “archcriminal” of the German empire. These camps used gas chambers and other methods to torture & kill people.

Anti Jewish propaganda 150 vs. Jews

Arresting Jews in Germany

Jewish people trying to escape to Palestine (Israel) 174 Jews to Israel

203 Map