Italian and German Expansion 1933 1940 CASE STUDY

Italian and German Expansion, 1933 -1940 CASE STUDY #2

Italian Expansion, 1870 -1933

Italy in 1815 What appears to be the state of Italy in 1815 according to the map?

Italian Unification Occurs in 1861 (efforts of Cavour and Garibaldi) Still divided across geographic, religious, and social lines This, along with involvement in WWI, weakened the Italian government and caused civil unrest Camillo de Cavour Guiseppi Garibaldi

People Liberal Italy Period between 1870 and 1923 Weakness during this period facilitated the development of Fascism choose type of government Open, free elections Protection rights of individual

Lack of National Identity Laws and politics of Piedmont were imposed on other states Regionalism Most still powerful support for gov’t found in industrialized areas North Industrialized Nationalist South Rural Regionalist

The Catholic Church Breakdown in relations between the State and the Church after unification Worsened by anti-clerical policies Catholics urged by the Vatican not to vote until 1914

Working-class Protest Politics dominated by middle- and upper-class Liberal governments infamous for corruption and misrepresentation Working-class protests and strikes grow in the 19 th century 1892 - Italian Socialist Party (PSI) founded Red Week- July 1914

Working-class Protest Giovanni Giolitti- Prime minister from 1903 -1914 Moderate; wanted support of the masses Electoral Allow and welfare reform religious education in schools Seizure of Libya in the Italian-Turkish War (1911 -12) garnered criticism from the left Two largest parties were PSI and Catholic Party after WWI

Nationalist Opposition Italian Nationalist Association founded in 1910 by Filippo Marinetti Glorified war; criticized gov’t for failure in becoming a “Great Power” Unification unfinished without Trentino and Trieste (belongs to Austria) Also wanted an empire Only minor gains in Africa Humiliated by Abyssinia in 1896 after attempt at conquest

Funeral of the Anarchist Galli, Carlo Carra (1910 -11)

Fascist Synthesis- Alessandro Bruschetti (1935)

The Treaty of London, signed by Britain, France, Italy, and Russia on April 16, 1915 Article 9 Article 4 By the future treaty of peace, Italy is to receive the district of Trentino; the entire Southern Tyrol up to its natural geographical frontier, which is the Bremner Pass; the city and district of Trieste; the Country of Groizia and Gradisca; the entire Istria France, Great Britain and Russia admit in principle that fact of Italy’s interest in the maintenance of the political balance of power in the Mediterranean, and her rights, in case of a partition of Turkey, to a share, equal to theirs, in the basin of the Mediterranean Article 11 Italy is to get a share in the war indemnity corresponding to the magnitude of her sacrifices and efforts

What is Fascism?

Origin and Definition No clear founding doctrine or manifestation in history Commonly attributed to Giovanni Gentile Fascism tends to include a belief in the supremacy of one national or ethnic group, a contempt for democracy, an insistence on obedience to a powerful leader, and a strong demagogic approach.

What is Fascism Against? Communism Class struggle Internationalism Multi-party Liberal system democracy Pacifism

Key Features of Fascism Nationalism Social Unity Militarism Authoritarian Social Darwinism

Nationalism Nation-state, its culture and history, as a unifying force Desire to remove foreign influences Own nation is superior to others

Militarism Political violence and war to as a means to revitalize society Violence necessary for progress Paramilitary organizations Italian Blackshirts

Social Darwinism Belief that races and nations have evolved as superior to others “Survival of the fittest”

Social Unity Opposes Promotes class-based divisions in society collective national society Workers assembly in an occupied Fiat factory, 1920

Authoritarianism Totalitarian State has influence/control over all aspects of society Strong People leader or dictator are subservient to the state “Obedience not discussion”Benito Mussolini

To what extent does Japan during the 1930 s resemble a fascist society? Militarism Authoritarianism Fascism Nationalism Social Darwinism Social Unity