IT 351 Mobile Wireless Computing Mobile Network Layer

IT 351: Mobile & Wireless Computing Mobile Network Layer Objective: – To highlight the requirements of internetworking in wireless networks as opposed to wired networks. – To detail the operation of common internetworking schemes, including , Mobile. IP / migration to IPv 6 and Cellular. IP.

Outline • The Internet Protocol (IP) mobility – Motivation and overview • Mobile IP – Components and terminology – Protocols: agent discovery, registration, tunneling & encapsulation – Optimization – Reverse tunneling – Problem • IPv 6 • Micro mobility protocols • DHCP

Overview of the main chapters Chapter 10: Support for Mobility Chapter 9: Mobile Transport Layer Chapter 8: Mobile Network Layer Chapter 4: Telecommunication Systems Chapter 5: Satellite Systems Chapter 6: Broadcast Systems Chapter 3: Medium Access Control Chapter 2: Wireless Transmission Chapter 7: Wireless LAN

Internet Protocol (IP) • IP for normal fixed Internet – – – Network layer Most important protocol Packet-switched, connectionless service Fragmentation and reassembly Error reporting using ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) – Delivery of packets across an internetwork (Routing)

Internet (IP) Mobility • Internet (IP) provides the host with a permanent identity in the form of an IP address • This IP address is associated with a location, i. e. the IP network domain • If the host moves within the domain it will probably be ok (depends, e. g. subnetting) • If the host moves outside the domain it will not have a different IP address (statically assigned IP) • If the host moves any ‘connections’ (recall – IP is connectionless) will be lost

Problems with fixed IP • Two ways of assigning IP addresses: – Statically assigned IP • Host address stays constant over all connections – Common case in PC access to LANs and some ISPs – IP addresses may be dynamically assigned by DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) • Host addresses change with each connection – Common with Laptop access and some ISPs • Problems for mobility – With static addresses the host cannot move – With dynamic addresses partners can’t communicate

Motivation for Mobile IP • Routing – based on IP destination address, network prefix (e. g. 129. 13. 42) determines physical subnet – change of physical subnet implies change of IP address to have a topological correct address (standard IP) or needs special entries in the routing tables • Specific routes to end-systems? – change of all routing table entries to forward packets to the right destination – does not scale with the number of mobile hosts and frequent changes in the location, security problems • Changing the IP-address? – adjust the host IP address depending on the current location – almost impossible to find a mobile system, DNS updates take long time – TCP connections break, security problems

Requirements for Mobile IPv 4 (RFC 3344, was: 3220, was: 2002 , updated by: 4721) • Transparency – mobile end-systems keep their IP address – continuation of communication after interruption of link possible – point of connection to the fixed network can be changed • Compatibility – support of the same layer 2 protocols as IP – no changes to current end-systems and routers required – mobile end-systems can communicate with fixed systems • Security – authentication of all registration messages • Efficiency and scalability – only little additional messages to the mobile system required – world-wide support of a large number of mobile systems in the whole Internet

Mobile IP – IP Integration • What does Mobile IP do? – Extends IP for mobility not wireless networking – Mobile IP operates between network and transport layers (i. e. on top of IP but below TCP/UDP) • Mobile IP provides two addresses: – Fixed address for identification (home address) – Dynamic address for routing (care-of address/foreign address) • Benefits: – Stable address for hosts – Enables TCP to keep track of session data – Routing based on fixed source/destination

Mobile IP – Components & Terminology • Mobile Node (MN) – system (node) that can change the point of connection to the network without changing its IP address • Correspondent Node (CN) – communication partner (cam be fixed or mobile node) • Home Network – The subnet the MN belongs to with respect to its IP address. No mobile IP support is needed within the home network. • Foreign Network – The current subnet the MN visits and which is not the home network – The current location of the MN from the IP point of view is called Careof-Address (COA) • Tunneling – Packet delivery towards the MN is done using a tunnel

Mobile IP – Components & Terminology • Home Agent (HA) – system in the home network of the MN, typically a router – Provides several services to the MN – registers the location of the MN, tunnels IP datagrams to the COA • Foreign Agent (FA) – system in the current foreign network of the MN, typically a router – Provides several services to the MN during its visit to the foreign network – forwards the tunneled datagrams to the MN, typically also the default router for the MN – FA can also provide security service, • Care-of Address (COA) – – – actual location of the MN from an IP point of view address of the current tunnel end-point for the MN (at FA or MN) all packets sent to the MN are delivered to the COA Foreign agent COA: located at the FA Co-located COA: can be chosen, e. g. , via DHCP if IP addresses are available.

Example network HA MN router home network mobile end-system Internet (physical home network for the MN) FA foreign network router (current physical network for the MN) CN end-system router

Data transfer from the mobile system HA 1 home network sender Internet FA foreign network 1. Sender sends to the IP address of the receiver as usual, FA works as default router CN receiver MN

Data transfer to the mobile system HA 2 MN home network Internet receiver 3 FA 1 CN sender foreign network 1. Sender sends to the IP address of MN, HA intercepts packet 2. HA tunnels packet to COA, here FA, by encapsulation 3. FA forwards the packet to the MN

Overview COA router FA router HA home network MN foreign network Internet router CN home network router HA router FA 2. Internet 1. CN router 3. MN 4. foreign network

Mobile IP – The Protocols • Three major problems: – Discovery of new point of attachment – Registration of new location with Home domain – Delivery of datagrams to registered locations • Agent Discovery – Mobility agents advertise availability – MN solicits agent • Registration – Updating the care-of-address with home network • Tunneling – Delivery of data to mobile node’s care-of-address, via permanent home address

1. Agent Discovery • One initial problem of an MN after moving is how to find a foreign agent – How does the MN discover that it has moved? • Mobile IP describes two methods: – Agent advertisement – Agent solicitation • Agent Advertisement – Extends the current ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol – Router Advertisement) – HA and FA periodically send advertisement messages into their physical subnets – MN listens to these messages and detects, if it is in the home or a foreign network (standard case for home network) – MN reads a COA from the FA advertisement messages

Agent Discovery (cont) • Agent Solicitation – Alternatively, mobile node may solicit agent (Broadcast or Multicast) • Mobile node can now proceed to register Agent Advertisement (ICMP – extension) 0 7 8 15 16 23 24 type code checksum #addresses addr. size lifetime router address 1 preference level 1 router address 2 preference level 2 31 . . . type = 16 length registration lifetime COA 1 COA 2 sequence number R B H F M G r T reserved . . .

2. Registration • Mobile Node requests registration from Foreign Agent (or directly for colocated COA) • Request is forwarded to Home Agent – Includes CAO + home addresses • Home Agent replies to Foreign Agent • Security – Authentication between all three parties – Mobile-Home auth. is based on shared secret From: Perkins, C. E. , “Mobile networking through Mobile IP, ” IEEE Internet Computing, Volume 2, Issue 1, Jan. -Feb. 1998 Page(s): 58 – 69.

3. Tunneling & Encapsulation • Communication between an IP node and a Mobile Node • Delivery of data to mobile node’s COA via permanent home address • Tunneling is achieved by encapsulation IP tunnel Foreign Agent Home Agent 2 1 IP Host 3 4 (triangular routing) Mobile Node

Encapsulation • Encapsulation of one packet into another as payload – e. g. IPv 6 in IPv 4 , Multicast in Unicast – here: e. g. IP-in-IP-encapsulation • IP-in-IP-encapsulation (mandatory, RFC 2003) – tunnel between HA and COA original IP header original data new IP header new data outer header inner header original data

Mobile IP – Encapsulation • IP-within-IP encapsulation Mobile. IP Header IP Payload

Encapsulation ver. IHL DS (TOS) IP identification TTL IP-in-IP IP address of HA Care-of address COA ver. IHL DS (TOS) IP identification TTL lay. 4 prot. IP address of CN IP address of MN TCP/UDP/. . . payload length flags fragment offset IP checksum

Optimization of packet forwarding • Problem: Triangular Routing – sender sends all packets via HA to MN – higher latency and network load • “Solution” – Avoid routing through Home Agent – – – Corresponding IP host is given care-of-address sender learns the current location of MN direct tunneling to this location HA informs a sender about the location of MN big security problems!

Optimization of packet forwarding (cont. ) • Requires authentication (to prevent hijacking) • Process is entitled mobility-binding – Request – Update – Authorization – Acknowledgement – Warning (if needed) • If a packet is sent to a wrong FA CN HA Request Update ACK

Optimization: Change of Foreign Agent • Change of FA – packets on-the-fly during the change can be lost – new FA informs old FA to avoid packet loss, old FA now forwards remaining packets to new FA – this information also enables the old FA to release resources for the MN

Problems with Mobile IP • Inefficient routing – Indirect routing via Home Agent may be slow – Home Agent may get overloaded with traffic • Firewalls What happens when Firewalls are operating? – typically mobile IP cannot be used together with firewalls, special set-ups are needed (such as reverse tunneling) – Internal addresses appear to enter a network – Mobile IP cannot handover connections

Problems with mobile IP • Security – authentication with FA problematic, for the FA typically belongs to another organization – no protocol for key management and key distribution has been standardized in the Internet • Qo. S – many new reservations in case of RSVP (resource reservation) – tunneling makes it hard to give a flow of packets a special treatment needed for the Qo. S • Security, firewalls, Qo. S etc. are topics of research and discussions

Mobile IP and IPv 6 (RFC 3775) • Mobile IP was developed for IPv 4, but IPv 6 simplifies the protocols – security is integrated and not an add-on, authentication of registration is included -Protocols for registration, discovery etc. are available as standard, not layered above IP – COA can be assigned via auto-configuration (DHCPv 6 is one candidate), every node has address auto-configuration – no need for a separate FA, all routers perform router advertisement which can be used instead of the special agent advertisement; addresses are always co-located – MN can signal a sender directly the COA, sending via HA not needed in this case (automatic path optimization) – „soft“ hand-over, i. e. without packet loss, between two subnets is supported • MN sends the new COA to its old router • the old router encapsulates all incoming packets for the MN and forwards them to the new COA • authentication is always granted

IP Micro-mobility support • Mobile IP (and MIPv 6) problems – Designed to Internetwork mobile nodes across wide areas – Concentrates on address migration issues – Not suitable for fast migration and handoff within a defined geographical area • Micro mobility protocols: Keep the frequent updates generated by local changes away from the home network

IP Micro-mobility support • Micro-mobility support: – Efficient local handover inside a foreign domain without involving a home agent – Reduces control traffic on backbone – Especially needed in case of route optimization • Example approaches (research, not products): – Cellular IP – HAWAII – Hierarchical Mobile IP (HMIP) • Important criteria: Security Efficiency, Scalability, Transparency, Manageability

DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol • Application – simplification of installation and maintenance of networked computers – supplies systems with all necessary information, such as IP address, DNS server address, domain name, subnet mask, default router etc. – enables automatic integration of systems into an Intranet or the Internet, can be used to acquire a COA for Mobile IP