IT 1205 Computer Systems I Bachelor of Information

IT 1205 Computer Systems I Bachelor of Information Technology Computer Systems I IT 1205 1. 2 Evolution of Computers 1. 2. 2 The mechanical computer Nisansala Dharmasena Bertholameuse BSc Special (Hons) in IT, PGD in IT, MSc in IT, PGD in IR, Dip in Journalism, M. Phil. in Computer Science (Reading)

IT 1205 Computer Systems I Intended Learning Outcomes After completing this module students should be able to; • Describe the key developments in computer evolution. • To understand the mechanical computer • To understand the Electronic computers based on digital switching

IT 1205 Computer Systems I Outline What are Computers Early Computer Operations

IT 1205 Computer Systems I US Census • The next breakthrough in computer evolution occurred in America. • The U. S. Constitution states that a census should be taken of all U. S. citizens every 10 years in order to determine the representation of the states in Congress. ,

IT 1205 Computer Systems I US Census • While the very first census of 1790 had only required 9 months, by 1880 the U. S. • Population had grown so much that the count for the 1880 census took 7. 5 years. • Automation was clearly needed for the next census. • The census bureau offered a prize for an inventor to help with the 1890 census and this prize was won by Herman Hollerith

IT 1205 Computer Systems I Hollerith desk • The Hollerith desk, consisted of: • A card reader which sensed the holes in the cards, a gear driven mechanism which could count (similar to Pascal’s) • A large wall of dial indicators to display the results of the count.

IT 1205 Computer Systems I Hollerith Desk

IT 1205 Computer Systems I Hollerith Desk • Hollerith's technique was successful and the 1890 census was completed in only 3 years at a savings of 5 million dollars.

IT 1205 Computer Systems I IBM • Hollerith built a company, the Tabulating Machine Company which, after a few buyouts, eventually became International Business Machines, known today as IBM.

IT 1205 Computer Systems I Hollerith’s Innovation • By using punch cards, Hollerith created a way to store and retrieve information. • This was the first type of read and write technology

IT 1205 Computer Systems I Examples of Punch Cards

IT 1205 Computer Systems I US Military • The U. S. military desired a mechanical calculator more optimized for scientific computation. • By World War II the U. S. had battleships that could lob shells weighing as much as a small car over distances up to 25 miles. • Physicists could write the equations that described how atmospheric drag, wind, gravity, muzzle velocity, etc. would determine the trajectory of the shell, but solving such equations was extremely laborious.

IT 1205 Computer Systems I US Military • Human computers would compute results of these equations and publish them in ballistic "firing tables" • During World War II the U. S. military scoured the country looking for (generally female) math majors to hire for the job of computing these tables, but not enough humans could be found to keep up with the need for new tables.

IT 1205 Computer Systems I US Military • Sometimes artillery pieces had to be delivered to the battlefield without the necessary firing tables and this meant they were close to useless because they couldn't be aimed properly. • Faced with this situation, the U. S. military was willing to invest in schemes to automate this type of computation.

IT 1205 Computer Systems I Mark I • One early success was the Harvard Mark I computer which was built as a partnership between Harvard and IBM in 1944. • This was the first programmable digital computer made in the U. S.

IT 1205 Computer Systems I Mark I • But it was not a purely electronic computer. • Instead the Mark I was constructed out of switches, relays, rotating shafts, and clutches.

IT 1205 Computer Systems I Mark I • The machine weighed 5 tons, incorporated 500 miles of wire, was 8 feet tall and 51 feet long, and had a 50 ft rotating shaft running its length, turned by a 5 horsepower electric motor. .

IT 1205 Computer Systems I Mark I

IT 1205 Computer Systems I Question 1. What was the name of first computer designed by Charlse Babbage? a) Analytical Engine b) Difference Engine c) Colossus d) ENIAC

IT 1205 Computer Systems I Answer 1. What was the name of first computer designed by Charlse Babbage? a) Analytical Engine b) Difference Engine c) Colossus d) ENIAC

IT 1205 Computer Systems I Question 2. Who invented the punch card? a) Charles Babbage b) Semen Korsakov c) Herman Hollerith d) Joseph Marie Jacquard

IT 1205 Computer Systems I Answer 2. Who invented the punch card? a) Charles Babbage b) Semen Korsakov c) Herman Hollerith d) Joseph Marie Jacquard

IT 1205 Computer Systems I The First Bug • One of the primary programmers for the Mark I was a woman, Grace Hopper.

IT 1205 Computer Systems I The First Bug • Hopper found the first computer "bug": a dead moth that had gotten into the Mark I • The word "bug" had been used to describe a defect since at least 1889 but Hopper is credited with coining the word "debugging" to describe the work to eliminate program faults.

IT 1205 Computer Systems I First Generation Computers • The first electronic computer was designed at Iowa State between 1939 -1942 • The Atanasoff-Berry Computer used the binary system(1’s and 0’s). • Contained vacuum tubes and stored numbers for calculations by burning holes in paper

IT 1205 Computer Systems I IBM Stretch - 1959

IT 1205 Computer Systems I IBM Stretch - 1959

IT 1205 Computer Systems I Atanasoff – Berry Computer • One of the earliest attempts to build an allelectronic (that is, no gears, cams, belts, shafts, etc. ) digital computer occurred in 1937 by J. V. Atanasoff,

IT 1205 Computer Systems I Atanasoff – Berry Computer • This machine was the first to store data as a charge on a capacitor, which is how today's computers store information in their main memory (DRAM or dynamic RAM). • It was also the first to employ binary arithmetic.

IT 1205 Computer Systems I Colussus • The Colossus, built during World War II by Britain for the purpose of breaking the cryptographic codes used by Germany.

IT 1205 Computer Systems I Colussus • Britain led the world in designing and building electronic machines dedicated to code breaking, and was routinely able to read coded Germany radio transmissions. • Not a general purpose, reprogrammable machine.

IT 1205 Computer Systems I ENIAC • The title of forefather of today's all-electronic digital computers is usually awarded to ENIAC, which stood for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator. • ENIAC was built at the University of Pennsylvania between 1943 and 1945 by two professors, John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert

IT 1205 Computer Systems I ENIAC

IT 1205 Computer Systems I ENIAC

IT 1205 Computer Systems I The Stored Program Computer • In 1945 John von Neumann presented his idea of a computer that would store computer instructions in a CPU • The CPU(Central Processing Unit) consisted of elements that would control the computer electronically

IT 1205 Computer Systems I The Stored Program Computer • The EDVAC, EDSAC and UNIVAC were the first computers to use the stored program concept • They used vacuum tubes so they were too expensive and too large for households to own and afford

IT 1205 Computer Systems I EDVAC • It took days to change ENIAC's program. • Eckert and Mauchly's next teamed up with the mathematician John von Neumann to design EDVAC, which pioneered the stored program.

IT 1205 Computer Systems I EDVAC • After ENIAC and EDVAC came other computers with humorous names such as ILLIAC, JOHNNIAC, and, of course, MANIAC

IT 1205 Computer Systems I Question 1. ENIAC stands for _____. a) Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer b) Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator c) Electronic Numerical Integrator Automatic Computer d) Electronic Numerical Integrator Automatic Calculator

IT 1205 Computer Systems I Answer 1. ENIAC stands for _____. a) Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer b) Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator c) Electronic Numerical Integrator Automatic Computer d) Electronic Numerical Integrator Automatic Calculator

IT 1205 Computer Systems I Question 2. UNIAC stands for _____. a) Universal Automatic Calculator b) Universal Native Input Automatic computer c) Universal Native Input Automatic calculator d) Universal Automatic Computer

IT 1205 Computer Systems I Answer 2. UNIAC stands for _____. a) Universal Automatic Calculator b) Universal Native Input Automatic computer c) Universal Native Input Automatic calculator d) Universal Automatic Computer

IT 1205 Computer Systems I Lesson Summary • Describe the key developments in computer evolution. • To understand the mechanical computer • To understand the Electronic computers based on digital switching

IT 1205 Computer Systems I Bachelor of Information Technology Computer Systems I IT 1205 1. 2 Evolution of Computers 1. 2. 2 The mechanical computer Nisansala Dharmasena Bertholameuse BSc Special (Hons) in IT, PGD in IT, MSc in IT, PGD in IR, Dip in Journalism, M. Phil. in Computer Science (Reading)