Islam Spreads India and Southeast Asia Islam in

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Islam Spreads: India and Southeast Asia

Islam Spreads: India and Southeast Asia

Islam in South Asia/India 1 st Wave: INVASIONS • 711: Muhammad ibn Qasim conquered

Islam in South Asia/India 1 st Wave: INVASIONS • 711: Muhammad ibn Qasim conquered Sind region & Indus Valley for Umayyad • People welcomed • • • lower taxes religious tolerance India influenced Islam: Math, astronomy, medicine, music, building styles, Hindu mysticism(? )

. 2 nd Wave of Invasions • Mahmud of Ghazni- from Afghanistan took India

. 2 nd Wave of Invasions • Mahmud of Ghazni- from Afghanistan took India from declining Abbasids • WHY? extravagant wealth of empire • Muhammad of Ghur expanded to Bengal • Sultans established capital at Delhi with a variety of Persian, Turkish, Afghan until 16 th century

Patterns of Conversion • Islamic conversion was voluntary and peaceful • Sufi mystics attractive

Patterns of Conversion • Islamic conversion was voluntary and peaceful • Sufi mystics attractive to Buddhists, untouchables & low caste groups • Merchant converts improved economic relationships with Muslim traders

We see the 3 Ms!!! • Military- Mahmud, Delhi • Merchants • Missionary- Sufi’s

We see the 3 Ms!!! • Military- Mahmud, Delhi • Merchants • Missionary- Sufi’s and untouchables

Muslim v. Hindu • Islam • • • Rigid egalitarian, stern doctrine Monotheistic adopted

Muslim v. Hindu • Islam • • • Rigid egalitarian, stern doctrine Monotheistic adopted Hindu styles marriage practices • Hinduism: • Absorptive • supportive of caste system • responded with focus on Bhakti mystic cults • Most showed little interest in Islam

Islam & SE Asia • 8 th century: Coastal trade (2 nd “M”!) dominated

Islam & SE Asia • 8 th century: Coastal trade (2 nd “M”!) dominated by Muslims; 13 th century: Collapse of Shrivijaya (SE Asian trading empire) allowed Islam's entrance • Merchants & Sufis (3 rd “M”!) brought Islam to Malacca to Malaya & Sumatra; Sufis tolerated earlier animist, Hindu & Buddhist beliefs • Bali & Mainland SE Asia did not convert

African Civilization & the Spread of Islam Chapter 8

African Civilization & the Spread of Islam Chapter 8

I. African Societies Pre-Islam • Bantu migration provided common language background • Animistic religion

I. African Societies Pre-Islam • Bantu migration provided common language background • Animistic religion & belief in naturalistic forces; common belief in creator deity • Mixed Economy: agriculture, Active trade & Market Life http: //www. google. com/imgres? q=bantu+migration&um=1&hl=en&safe=active&sa=N&biw=1280&bih=840&tbm=isch&tbnid=q. Hels. Cvf 9 Nj. Tw. M : &imgrefurl=http: //people. eku. edu/davisb/Africa/Ch 7 notes. htm&docid=9 KQlxftqqo. WBj. M&imgurl=http: //people. eku. edu/davisb/Africa/Bantumi grationmap 1. gif&w=405&h=405&ei=xq. RYUPu 9 CMr 0 i. QLl 14 GYBQ&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=63&sig=107074975010236596184&page=1&tbnh=15 2&tbnw=152&start=0&ndsp=25&ved=1 t: 429, r: 0, s: 0, i: 76&tx=102&ty=84&surl=1

Arrival of Islam • Between 640 -700 Muslim conquered N. Africa; conversion was rapid.

Arrival of Islam • Between 640 -700 Muslim conquered N. Africa; conversion was rapid. Why? • Equality, Political Unity attractive to diverse Africans • Native African Berber Kingdoms emerged in opposition to Arabs. Who? • Almoravids & Almohadis became radical Islamic movement pushing Islam South; used jihadholy war http: //www. xtimeline. com/evt/view. aspx? id=36412

Christian Kingdoms �Axum, Egypt & Nubia (descendents of Kush) �Ethiopia emerged as new Christian

Christian Kingdoms �Axum, Egypt & Nubia (descendents of Kush) �Ethiopia emerged as new Christian dynasty from Axum; struggles between Christian & Muslim persist http: //www. google. com/search? hl=en&q=bantu+migration&bav=on. 2, or. r_gc. r_pw. r_qf. &biw=1280&bih=840&wrapid=tlif 134798651204210&surl=1&safe=active&um=1 &ie=UTF 8&tbm=isch&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi&ei=Vq. RYUKKp. Bu. HWiw. Kuz. YD 4 Dg#um=1&hl=en&safe=active&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=north+africa+map&oq=north+africa+map&gs_l =img. 1. 0. 0 j 0 i 5 l 2 j 0 i 24 l 7. 8484. 11063. 11. 13907. 12. 10. 0. 1. 188. 1062. 6 j 4. 10. 0. . . 1 c. 1. y. Oq. Cfrwz 27 g&bav=on. 2, or. r_gc. r_pw. r_qf. &fp=fa 0 fa 40884 b 0 c 6 b 7&biw=792

Ghana • There were a number of Sudanic States: Ghana was the first large

Ghana • There were a number of Sudanic States: Ghana was the first large empire (trade and location)

Mali • Economy • Agricultural basis • with active trade (salt, gold, etc) •

Mali • Economy • Agricultural basis • with active trade (salt, gold, etc) • specialized trading group, juula • Strong legal authority provided easy travel and trade • Politics • Sundiata attained legendary hero status • attributed with social structure; 16 clans of free people, 5 religious clans, 4 specialized clans • Mansa Musa’s Muslim pilgrimage gave Mali recognition & new innovation • Brought renown to Mali • He brought back architect Ishak al-Sahili from Muslim Spain

Social and Intellectual • Towns commercial with many foreign residents • Cosmopolitan court of

Social and Intellectual • Towns commercial with many foreign residents • Cosmopolitan court of merchants, scholars attracted by power of Sudanic states • Timbuktu- Books were symbol of Islamic African civilization • 80% of villagers lived by farming with intensive labor requiring multiple wives and many children

Songhay Kingdom began to form in 7 th century; dominated Mali by 1370 s

Songhay Kingdom began to form in 7 th century; dominated Mali by 1370 s • Sunni Ali, excelled as commander and leader, established askia (future Songhay leaders) • Religion -was syncretist fusion of Islam & pagan beliefs that encouraged strict interpretation of Sharia law • How was Songhai defeated? • Songhay ruled until defeated in 1591 by a Muslim army from Morrocco

Sudanic States: Ghana, Mali, Songhay • Politics • • • Patriarchal Leaders or Councils

Sudanic States: Ghana, Mali, Songhay • Politics • • • Patriarchal Leaders or Councils Sacred Rulers associated with rituals Ruling leaders used Islamic titles like caliph to reinforce position • same linguistic/ethnicity • All used taxes, military support of conquered peoples

 • Religion- Islam emerges to reinforce idea of kingship AND leaderships reinforces Islam

• Religion- Islam emerges to reinforce idea of kingship AND leaderships reinforces Islam • Common Religion & Law provided unity • Society • still matrilineal • allowed freedom of movement for women despite Arab restriction • Islam encouraged/spread slavery

Swahili Coastal Trading Ports � Originally inhabited by Bantu people � merchants from M.

Swahili Coastal Trading Ports � Originally inhabited by Bantu people � merchants from M. East, China, India � Swahili language & cultural traits mixed with active coastal commerce � Islam brought to E. Africa from Indian merchants which facilitate trade relationships; primarily among upper ruling merchant classes