ISLAM BRIEFLY ISLAM IS THE SECOND MOST POPULAR

ISLAM BRIEFLY • ISLAM IS THE SECOND MOST POPULAR RELIGION IN THE WORLD WITH OVER A BILLION FOLLOWERS. ISLAM BEGAN IN ARABIA AND WAS REVEALED TO HUMANITY BY THE PROPHET MUHAMMAD (PEACE BE UPON HIM). THOSE WHO FOLLOW ISLAM ARE CALLED MUSLIMS BELIEVE THAT THERE IS ONLY ONE GOD, CALLED ALLAH, WHO SPEAKS ARABIC. • THE MUSLIM CALENDAR HAS 354 DAYS AND IS BASED ON THE 12 CRESCENT MOON CYCLES.

The Muslims of the world • • The number of Muslims in the world is estimated between 1. 2 -1. 5 billions The fastest growing religion Sects: Sunni (the majority) & Shia 7% United when it comes to core beliefs and essential practices of Islam like daily prayers, fasting, etc • Like followers of international religions, Muslims are not homogenous in their interpretation and practice of Islam. History, dominant culture, government, and social factors influence them. • Socially diverse

Geography of the Arabian Peninsula Where did the religion of Islam begin?

Arabian Peninsula?

Arabian Peninsula The religion Islam began on the Arabian Peninsula, also called Arabia. People who live in Arabia are called Arabs.

Arabian Peninsula The Arabian Peninsula is extremely hot and covered by the Arabian Desert.

Arabian Peninsula

Isolation Arabia was isolated from other empires and protected by the desert. What features make Arabia isolated?

Oasis Arab people could only survive because they have found oases. Oasis: a fertile area in a desert fed by underground water

Bedouin Tribes Each oasis was controlled by a small tribe called a Bedouin Tribe.

Sheikh Each Bedouin tribe was controlled by a sheikh: leader of an Arab tribe.

The Bedouins Islam began because a tribe called the Bedouins lived on an oasis. How did Bedouins live?

Bedouin Tribes

Raiding and Trading Sometimes the tribes raided each other for resources, but they also traded. Caravan: a group of traveling merchants and animals

How did the Bedouins make money? They made money by traveling in caravans—groups selling goods. They founded an important trading city called Mecca.

Mecca The most important trading city of Arabia was called Mecca. This city became very wealthy and holy. People worshipped many gods here at a cube called the Kaaba.

Mecca (Makkah)

Why was the Bedouin tribe important? • Islam’s greatest prophet came from the Bedouin tribe. • This prophet’s name is Muhammad (peace be upon him).

Before Muhammad was born, many Arabs believed in polytheism. They would make journeys to pray and sacrifice animals in the Kaaba.

Muhammad

Muhammad’s Birth • Muhammad was born in 570 AD in Mecca to a Bedouin family.

Muhammad • At the age of 5, Muhammad became a orphan. He traveled in a caravan with other families.

Traveling • As he traveled Arabia, he noticed that people were very sinful. • He believed they were greedy, selfish, and dishonest.

The Cave • Out of sadness, Muhammad began praying regularly in a cave outside of Mecca.

Gabriel • It is believed that in 610, Muhammad had a vision from the angel Gabriel.

ALLAH / MUHAMMAD ALLAH - THE SUPREME GOD OF THE ARABS WAS KNOWN AS ALLAH, WHICH IS THE ARABIC WORD FOR GOD. ALLAH IS ALSO THE NAME OF THE GOD OF ISLAM. MUHAMMAD - MUSLIMS HONOR MUHAMMAD AS ALLAH’S MOST IMPORTANT PROPHET, AND AS THE FOUNDER OF ISLAM. THE KEY MESSAGE COMMUNICATED BY MUHAMMAD WAS THAT THERE IS ONLY ONE GOD, ALLAH, AND THAT ALL ARABS SHOULD UNITE IN THEIR FAITH AND SHARE THEIR WEALTH. THE ARABIAN PENINSULA IS A CROSSROADS OF THREE CONTINENTS – AFRICA, EUROPE, AND ASIA. AT ITS LONGEST AND WIDEST POINTS, THE PENINSULA IS ABOUT 1, 200 MILES FROM NORTH TO SOUTH AND 1, 300 MILES FROM EAST TO WEST. ONLY A TINY STRIP OF FERTILE LAND IN SOUTH ARABIA AND OMAN AND A FEW OASES CAN SUPPORT AGRICULTURE. THE REMAINDER OF THE LAND IS DESERT, WHICH IN THE PAST WAS INHABITED BY NOMADIC ARAB HERDERS. ON THIS DESERT, THE ARAB NOMADS, CALLED BEDOUINS, WERE ORGANIZED INTO TRIBES AND GROUPS CALLED CLANS. THESE CLANS PROVIDED SECURITY AND SUPPORT FOR A LIFE MADE DIFFICULT BY THE EXTREME CONDITIONS OF THE DESERT. THE BEDOUIN IDEALS OF COURAGE AND LOYALTY TO FAMILY, ALONG WITH THEIR WARRIOR SKILLS, WOULD BECOME PART OF THE ISLAMIC WAY OF LIFE. BY THE EARLY 600 S, TRADE ROUTES CONNECTED ARABIA TO THE MAJOR OCEAN AND LAND TRADE ROUTES THROUGH ARABIA RAN FROM THE EXTREME SOUTH OF THE PENINSULA TO THE BYZANTINE AND SASSANID (PERSIAN) EMPIRES TO THE NORTH. MERCHANTS FROM THESE TWO EMPIRES MOVED ALONG THE CARAVAN ROUTES, TRADING FOR GOODS FROM THE SILK ROADS OF THE EAST. THEY TRANSPORTED

THE PROPHET HIS BACKGROUND • AN ORPHAN OF A NOBLE, BUT NOT WELL-TO-DO, FAMILY THAT LIVED IN MECCA. • HIS FATHER DIED BEFORE HIS BIRTH. HIS MOTHER DIED WHEN HE WAS SIX. HIS UNCLE RAISED HIM. • HE WAS KNOWN FOR BEING HONEST AND TRUTHFUL BEFORE PROPHETHOOD. • WORKED AS A SHEPHERD AND LATER AS A TRADER • MARRIED HIS FIRST WIFE KHADIJA, AND THE MOTHER OF HIS SURVIVING CHILDREN, WHEN HE WAS 25. SHE WAS 40.

THE PROPHET HIS PROPHETHOOD • IN 610, HE RECEIVED HIS FIRST REVELATION AT 43. THESE REVELATIONS WERE COMPILED LATER INTO THE QURAN; THE HOLY BOOK OF MUSLIMS • THE NOBLES OF MECCA REFUSED HIS CALL, OSTRACIZED AND PERSECUTED HIM AND HIS FOLLOWERS. • AFTER 12 DIFFICULT YEARS, HE IMMIGRATED IN 622 TO MEDINA WHOSE PEOPLE WELCOMED

THE PROPHET THE MESSAGE • THE ONENESS OF GOD, THE CREATOR OF THE WHOLE UNIVERSE • ISLAM IS THE CONTINUATION OF DIVINE MESSAGES THAT GOD SENT TO HUMANITY THROUGH PROPHETS LIKE ABRAHAM, ISAAC, MOSES, AND JESUS. • THE MORAL PRINCIPLES OF THE TEN COMMANDMENTS ARE REFLECTED IN THE MESSAGE OF MUHAMMAD. • IT ACKNOWLEDGES THE DIVERSITY OF THE HUMAN RACE AND FREEDOM OF RELIGIONS

THE CREATOR • ATTRIBUTES v GENDERLESS AND BEYOND IMAGINATION v MERCY v WE ARE HIS HONOURED CREATURES v DIRECT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GOD AND THE BELIEVERS v WORSHIP IS INTIMATE & PERSONAL

ISLAM / MUSLIM • ISLAM - THE TERM ISLAM LITERALLY MEANS “PEACE THROUGH SUBMISSION TO THE WILL OF ALLAH. ” ISLAM IS A MAJOR, MONOTHEISTIC WORLD RELIGION ESTABLISHED ON THE ARABIAN PENINSULA BY THE PROPHET MUHAMMAD IN THE EARLY 600’S A. D. • ISLAM SHARES MANY OF THE SAME BELIEFS AS JUDAISM AND CHRISTIANITY, SUCH AS A BELIEF IN PROPHETS, REVELATION, THE EXISTENCE OF ONE SUPREME GOD, AND THE IMPORTANCE OF OBEYING GOD’S COMMANDMENTS. THE FIVE PILLARS, OR KEY CONCEPTS, OF ISLAM ARE BELIEF, PRAYER, CHARITY, FASTING, AND PILGRIMAGE. • MUSLIM - NAME TAKEN BY ALL THOSE WHO PRACTICE THE RELIGION OF ISLAM. THE TERM MUSLIM LITERALLY MEANS “ONE WHO SUBMITS TO GOD. ” • FOLLOWERS OF ISLAM ALSO BELIEVE THAT THE BIBLICAL FIGURES ADAM, NOAH, MOSES AND JESUS WERE ALSO MUSLIMS BECAUSE THEY SUBMITTED TO GOD’S WILL. IN ORDER TO BECOME A MUSLIM ONE NEEDS ONLY TO MAKE A STATEMENT KNOWN AS THE SHAHDAH, WHICH SAYS "THERE IS NO GOD EXCEPT GOD AND MUHAMMAD IS HIS MESSENGER. " WORLDWIDE THERE APPROXIMATELY 1. 4 BILLION MUSLIMS. • MUHAMMAD WAS BORN INTO A CLAN OF A POWERFUL MECCAN FAMILY. ORPHANED AT THE AGE OF SIX, MUHAMMAD WAS RAISED BY HIS GRANDFATHER AND UNCLE. HE RECEIVED LITTLE SCHOOLING AND BEGAN WORKING IN THE CARAVAN TRADE AS A VERY YOUNG MAN. AT THE AGE OF 25, MUHAMMAD BECAME A TRADER AND BUSINESS MANAGER FOR KHADIJAH, A WEALTH BUSINESSWOMAN OF ABOUT 40. LATER, MUHAMMAD AND KHADIJAH MARRIED. THEIRS WAS BOTH A GOOD MARRIAGE AND A GOOD BUSINESS PARTNERSHIP. MUHAMMAD TOOK GREAT INTEREST IN RELIGION AND OFTEN SPENT TIME ALONE IN PRAYER AND MEDITATION. AT ABOUT THE AGE OF 40, MUHAMMAD’S LIFE WAS CHANGED OVERNIGHT WHEN A VOICE CALLED TO HIM WHILE HE MEDITATED IN

HIJRAH • IN 622 A. D. MUHAMMAD AND HIS FOLLOWERS WERE FORCED TO LEAVE MECCA DUE TO RELIGIOUS PERSECUTION. THEY MOVED NORTH TO THE CITY OF YATHRIB, WHICH WAS LATER RENAMED MADINAH. THE JOURNEY OF MUHAMMAD AND HIS FOLLOWERS FROM MECCA TO MADINAH IS KNOWN AS THE HIRJAH. • THE WORLD MADINAH LITERALLY MEANS “CITY OF THE PROPHET. ” WHILE IN MADINAH MUHAMMAD CONTINUED TO TEACH HIS MESSAGE. HE ESPECIALLY HAD SUCCESS IN CONVERTING THE BEDOUINS, A GROUP OF ARABS WHO LIVED IN THE DESERT. THE FIRST MOSQUE WAS BUILT IN MADINAH. • AFTER MUCH SOUL-SEARCHING, MUHAMMAD CAME TO BELIEVE THAT THE LORD WHO SPOKE TO HIM THROUGH GABRIEL WAS ALLAH. MUHAMMAD BECAME CONVINCED THAT HE WAS THE LAST OF THE PROPHETS. HE BEGAN TO TEACH THAT ALLAH WAS THE ONE AND ONLY GOD AND THAT ALL OTHER GODS MUST BE ABANDONED. PEOPLE WHO AGREED TO THIS BASIC PRINCIPLE OF ISLAM WERE CALLED MUSLIMS. MUHAMMAD’S WIFE, KHADIJAH, AND SEVERAL CLOSE FRIENDS AND RELATIVES WERE HIS FIRST FOLLOWERS. • BY 613, MUHAMMAD HAD BEGUN TO PREACH PUBLICLY IN MECCA, BUT HE MET WITH SOME HOSTILITY. MANY MECCANS BELIEVED HIS REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS WOULD LEAD TO NEGLECT OF THE TRADITIONAL ARAB GODS. THEY FEARED THAT MECCA WOULD LOSE ITS POSITION AS A PILGRIMAGE CENTER IF PEOPLE ACCEPTED MUHAMMAD’S MONOTHEISTIC BELIEFS. AFTER SOME OF HIS FOLLOWERS HAD BEEN ATTACKED, MUHAMMAD DECIDED TO LEAVE MECCA IN 622. FOLLOWING A SMALL BAND OF SUPPORTERS HE SENT AHEAD, MUHAMMAD MOVED TO THE TOWN OF YATHRIB, OVER 200 MILES TO THE NORTH OF MECCA. THIS MIGRATION BECAME KNOWN AS THE HIRJAH TO YATHRIB MARKED A TURNING POINT FOR MUHAMMAD. HE ATTRACTED MANY DEVOTED FOLLOWERS. LATER, YATHRIB WAS RENAMED MEDINA. • IN MEDINA, MUHAMMAD DISPLAYED IMPRESSIVE LEADERSHIP SKILLS. HE FASHIONED AN AGREEMENT THAT JOINED HIS OWN PEOPLE WITH THE ARABS AND JEWS OF MEDINA AS A SINGLE COMMUNITY. THESE GROUPS

ISLAM HOLY BOOK • THE MUSLIM SCRIPTURE IS THE HOLY QUR'AN. IT IS 'THE WORD OF GOD'. MUSLIM BELIEFS AND PRACTICES ARE ROOTED IN THE QUR'AN. • MUSLIMS TREAT THE QUR'AN WITH GREAT RESPECT BECAUSE THEY BELIEVE THAT THE QUR'AN IS FROM ALLAH, AND EVERY WORD AND EVERY LETTER IS SACRED. • MUSLIMS REGARD THE QUR'AN AS THE UNALTERED WORD OF GOD. • IT IS READ FROM RIGHT TO LEFT AND WRITTEN IN ARABIC, AND IS REGARDED BY THE MUSLIMS AS THE LANGUAGE OF HEAVEN.

QUR’AN • A COLLECTION OF REVELATIONS, OR DIVINE MESSAGES, SPOKEN BY MUHAMMAD AND WRITTEN BY HIS FOLLOWERS. THE QURAN IS THE MOST HOLY BOOK OF THE RELIGION OF ISLAM. • UNLIKE THE BIBLE, THE QURAN DOES NOT RECOUNT HISTORICAL EVENTS OR MENTION HISTORICAL FIGURES. INSTEAD, IT IS MEANT AS A BOOK OF GUIDANCE AND CONTAINS A SET OF COMMANDMENTS FROM ALLAH. THE WORD QURAN LITERALLY MEANS “HE READ” OR “HE RECITED”, REFERRING TO THE REVELATIONS ORIGINALLY SPOKEN BY MUHAMMAD • THE ORIGINAL SOURCE OF AUTHORITY FOR MUSLIMS IS ALLAH. ACCORDING TO ISLAMIC BELIEF, ALLAH EXPRESSED HIS WILL THROUGH THE ANGEL GABRIEL, WHO REVEALED IT TO MUHAMMAD. WHILE MUHAMMAD LIVED, HIS FOLLOWERS MEMORIZED AND RECITED THE REVELATIONS HE RECEIVED FROM GABRIEL. SOON AFTER THE PROPHET’S DEATH, IT WAS SUGGESTED THAT THE REVELATIONS BE COLLECTED IN A BOOK. THIS BOOK IS THE QUR’AN IS WRITTEN IN ARABIC, AND MUSLIMS CONSIDER ONLY THE ARABIC VERSION TO BE THE TRUE WORD OF ALLAH. ONLY ARABIC CAN BE USED IN WORSHIP. WHEREVER MUSLIMS CARRIED THE QUR’AN, ARABIC BECAME THE LANGUAGE OF WORSHIPERS AND SCHOLARS. THUS, THE ARABIC LANGUAGE HELPED UNITE CONQUERED PEOPLES AS MUSLIM CONTROL EXPANDED. • TO MUSLIMS, ALLAH IS THE SAME GOD THAT IS WORSHIPPED IN CHRISTIANITY AND JUDAISM. HOWEVER, MUSLIMS VIEW JESUS AS A PROPHET, NOT AS THE SON OF GOD. THEY REGARD THE QUR’AN AS THE WORD OF ALLAH AS REVEALED TO MUHAMMAD IN THE SAME WAY THAT JEWS AND CHRISTIANS BELIEVE THE TORAH AND THE GOSPELS WERE REVEALED TO MOSES AND THE NEW TESTAMENT WRITERS. MUSLIMS BELIEVE THAT THE QUR’AN PERFECTS THE EARLIER REVELATIONS. TO THEM, IT IS THE FINAL BOOK.

The Quran • The revelation of God to Muhammad • It has been preserved as revealed 14 centuries ago. • It consists of 114 chapters of various lengths. In Arabic, it numbers about 604 pages. • The translation of its meaning is available in English, French and most of the world’s languages

The Quran • Appeals to the mind to reflect on creations and the creator • Glad tidings for the believers • Admonitions to the nonbelievers • Stories of previous messengers of God such as Noah, Abraham, Isaac, Moses, Jesus, Mary, etc. • Rulings on social and commercial issues.

SUNNA / SHARI’A • SUNNA – MUHAMMAD’S EXAMPLE; MUSLIMS BELIEVE THAT ONE OF MUHAMMAD’S MISSIONS AS A PROPHET WAS TO DEMONSTRATE HOW TO APPLY THE TEACHINGS OF THE QUR’AN IN LIFE. HIS LIFE IS THE BEST MODEL FOR PROPER LIVING. • SHARI’A - A LAW CODE DEVELOPED BY MUHAMMAD’S FOLLOWERS AFTER HIS DEATH. THE SHARI’AH PROVIDES MUSLIMS WITH A SET OF PRACTICAL LAWS TO REGULATE THEIR DAILY LIVES AND IS BASED ON SCHOLARS’ INTERPRETATION OF THE QUR’AN. • ACCORDING TO THE SHARI’AH, MUSLIMS ARE EXPECTED TO PRACTICE HONESTY AND JUSTICE IN THEIR RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHERS. MUSLIMS ARE FORBIDDEN TO GAMBLE, EAT PORK, OR DRINK ALCOHOL. ALL MUSLIMS ARE EXPECTED TO PRACTICE CHASTITY BEFORE MARRIAGE, AND COMPLETE FIDELITY AFTER MARRIAGE. • JUDAISM, CHRISTIANITY, AND ISLAM BELIEVE IN HEAVEN AND HELL AND A DAY OF JUDGMENT. THE MUSLIMS TRACE THEIR ANCESTRY TO ABRAHAM, AS DO THE JEWS AND THE CHRISTIANS. MUSLIMS REFER TO CHRISTIANS AND JEWS AS “PEOPLE OF THE BOOK” BECAUSE EACH RELIGION HAS A HOLY BOOK WITH TEACHINGS SIMILAR TO THOSE OF THE QUR’AN. SHARI’A LAW REQUIRES MUSLIM LEADERS TO EXTEND RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE TO CHRISTIANS AND JEWS. A HUGE MUSLIM EMPIRE GREW TO INCLUDE PEOPLE OF MANY ANDspread RELIGIONS. Closure Question #3: DIFFERENT How did. CULTURES Islam help Arabic culture?

The Muslim legal code “Shari’a” • Consists of the following components: • Rulings mentioned in the Quran • Precedents in the life of Muhammad as it explains and complements the Quran in more details • Opinions (fatwa) of Muhammad’s prominent companions. • Opinions of previous jurisprudents • Opinions of contemporary scholars • Importance of majority and consensus

ISLAMIC CULTURE WHAT WOULD YOU SEE IN A MUSLIM CITY?

Adhan-Call to Prayer • Allahu Akbar
God is Great • Ashhadu an la ilaha illa Allah
I bear witness that there is no god except the One God. • Ashadu anna Muhammadan Rasool Allah
I bear witness that • • Muhammad is the messenger of God. Hayya 'ala-s-Salah
Hurry to the prayer (Rise up for prayer) Hayya 'ala-l-Falah
Hurry to success (Rise up for Salvation) Allahu Akbar
God is Great La ilaha illa Allah
There is no god except the One God

ISLAM PLACE OF WORSHIP • THE MUSLIM BUILDING FOR COMMUNAL WORSHIP IS CALLED A MOSQUE. THE WORD COMES FROM THE ARABIC FOR "PLACE OF PROSTRATION". • WORSHIPPERS ARE CALLED TO PRAYER 5 TIMES A DAY FROM MINARETS – TOWERS ON THE MOSQUE CORNERS. Jamia Mosque in Derby England • THEY CONTAIN ONLY DESIGNS, NO PEOPLE OR ANIMALS OR FURNITURE. • NORMAL DAY OF WORSHIP IS

HOUSE OF WORSHIP � MOSQUE: A MUSLIM HOUSE OF WORSHIP � EACH MOSQUE HAS A PREACHER CALLED AN IMAM.

The Mosque • • • The Muslim’s house of God Muslims are encouraged to pray their daily prayers in congregation at the mosque. The mosque is run by a board or a committee. The Imam (religious leader) leads the prayers and delivers sermons. His powers vary but normally limited to just that. Persons entering the mosque are supposed to have cleansed themselves. As a courtesy, and to avoid embarrassment or offence, non-Muslims should seek permission before entering the mosque.

MUSLIM TRADING • ALL MUSLIM CITIES HAVE A BAZAAR: HUGE MARKETPLACE WHERE PEOPLE CAN TRADE, SELL, AND BUY.

MUSLIM DRESS

ART AND BUILDINGS • MUSLIMS ARE KNOWN FOR THESE 3 FAMOUS CITIES: BAGHDAD, CAIRO, AND ISTANBUL.

MOSQUE • MUSLIM HOUSES OF WORSHIP. THE FIRST MOSQUE WAS ESTABLISHED BY MUHAMMAD IN MEDINA IN 622 A. D. AS THE ARAB EMPIRE ADVANCED MOSQUES BECAME MORE ELABORATE, CONTAINING BEAUTIFUL DOME ARCHITECTURE AND PRECIOUS METALS SUCH AS GOLD AND SILVER. • IN 630, THE PROPHET AND 10, 000 OF HIS FOLLOWERS MARCHED TO THE OUTSKIRTS OF MECCA. FACING SURE DEFEAT, MECCA’S LEADERS SURRENDERED. THE PROPHET ENTERED THE CITY IN TRIUMPH. HE DESTROYED THE IDOLS IN THE KA’ABA AND HAD THE CALL OF PRAYER MADE FROM ITS ROOF. MOST MECCANS PLEDGE THEIR LOYALTY TO MUHAMMAD, AND MANY CONVERTED TO ISLAM. BY DOING SO, THEY JOINED THE UMMA, OR MUSLIM RELIGIOUS COMMUNITY. MUHAMMAD DIED TWO YEARS LATER, AT ABOUT THE AGE OF 62. HOWEVER, HE HAD TAKEN GREAT STRIDES TOWARD UNIFYING THE ENTIRE ARABIAN PENINSULA UNDER ISLAM. • THE DOME OF THE ROCK, LOCATED IN JERUSALEM, IS THE EARLIEST SURVIVING ISLAMIC MONUMENT. IT WAS COMPLETED IN 691 AND IS PART OF A LARGER COMPLEX, WHICH IS THE THIRD MOST HOLY PLACE IN ISLAM. IT IS SITUATED ON MOUNT MORIAH, THE SITE OF THE JEWISH TEMPLE DESTROYED BY THE ROMANS A. D. 70. THE ROCK ON THE SITE IS THE SPOT FROM WHICH MUSLIMS SAY MUHAMMAD ASCENDED TO HEAVEN TO LEARN OF ALLAH’S WILL. WITH ALLAH’S BLESSING, MUHAMMAD RETURNED TO EARTH TO BRING GOD’S MESSAGE TO ALL PEOPLE. JEWS IDENTIFY THE SAME ROCK AS THE SITE WHERE ABRAHAM WAS PREPARED TO SACRIFICE HIS SON ISAAC. • THE MAIN TEACHING OF ISLAM IS THAT THERE IS ONLY ONE GOD, ALLAH. ALL OTHER BELIEFS AND PRACTICES FOLLOW FROM THIS TEACHING. ISLAM TEACHERS THAT THERE IS GOOD AND EVIL, AND THAT EACH INDIVIDUAL IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ACTIONS OF HIS OR HER LIFE.

The 5 Pillars of Islam What do ALL Muslims believe?

In order to be a Muslim…. In order to be a Muslim, a person has to follow a set of rules called the Five Pillars of Islam.

HAJJ • ONE OF THE FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM; ALL MUSLIMS ARE ENCOURAGED TO MAKE A JOURNEY TO MECCA AT LEAST ONCE IN THEIR LIFETIME. THIS JOURNEY IS KNOWN AS THE HAJJ. • HAJJ LITERALLY MEANS “PILGRIMAGE”. IN 630 A. D. MUHAMMAD AND HIS FOLLOWERS, NUMBERING 10, 000, RETURNED TO MECCA, CAPTURING THE CITY AND CONVERTING THE MAJORITY OF THE PEOPLE THERE TO ISLAM. • TO BE A MUSLIM, ALL BELIEVERS HAVE TO CARRY OUT FIVE DUTIES. THESE DUTIES ARE KNOWN AS THE FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM. • FAITH - TO BECOME A MUSLIM, A PERSON HAS TO TESTIFY TO THE FOLLOWING STATEMENT OF FAITH: “THERE IS NO GOD BUT ALLAH, AND MUHAMMAD IS THE MESSENGER OF ALLAH. ” THIS SIMPLE STATEMENT IS HEARD AGAIN AND AGAIN IN ISLAMIC RITUALS AND IN MUSLIM DAILY LIFE. • PRAYER – FIVE TIMES A DAY, MUSLIMS FACE TOWARD MECCA TO PRAY. THEY MAY ASSEMBLE AT A MOSQUE, AN ISLAMIC HOUSE OF WORSHIP, OR WHEREVER THEY FIND THEMSELVES. • ALMS – MUHAMMAD TAUGHT THAT ALL MUSLIMS HAVE A RESPONSIBILITY TO SUPPORT THE LESS FORTUNATE. MUSLIMS MEET THAT SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY BY GIVING ALMS, OR MONEY FOR THE POOR, THROUGH A SPECIAL RELIGIOUS TAX. • FASTING – DURING THE ISLAMIC HOLY MONTH OF RAMADAN, MUSLIMS FAST BETWEEN DAWN AND SUNSET. A SIMPLE MEAL IS EATEN AT THE END OF THE DAY. FASTING SERVES TO REMIND MUSLIMS THAT THEIR SPIRITUAL NEEDS ARE GREATER THAN THEIR PHYSICAL NEEDS. • PILGRIMAGE – ALL MUSLIMS WHOdid ARE the PHYSICALLY AND FINANCIALLY ABLEof PERFORM HAJJ AT LEAST Closure Question #1: How beliefs and practices Islam THE create unity and ONCE. PILGRIMS WEAR IDENTICAL GARMENTS SO THAT ALL STAND AS EQUALS BEFORE ALLAH. strength among Muslims in the 600 s?

What are the 5 Pillars?

1. Faith (Shahadah) All Muslims must have this belief: There only one true god (Allah) & Muhammad is his prophet.

2. Salat � “Salat” means “prayer. ” � Muslims pray 5 times each day facing Mecca. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Sunrise (between 5 -6 am) Noon (12 pm) Mid-afternoon (3 -4 pm) Sunset (6 -8 pm) Night (9 -10 pm or before bed)

3. Zakat “Zakat” means “charity. ” Muslims must be willing to give to poor and needy people. They must give 2. 5% OR MORE of the money they make a year.

4. Sawm - Fasting Muslims must fast during their month called Ramadan. In 2016, Ramadan was from June 5 -July 5. During Ramadan, Muslims cannot eat between sunrise and sunset. Any other eating is ok.

5. Hajj “Hajj” means “pilgrimage. ” Muslims who are healthy must go to Mecca at least once in their lifetime. Once they get there, they must visit the Kaaba & perform prayer.

MUSLIM LEADERS AFTER MUHAMMAD

CALIPH / UMAYYADS • CALIPH – LITERALLY MEANS “SUCCESSOR TO MUHAMMAD”, THIS TITLE WAS GIVEN TO THE ACCEPTED LEADER OF ISLAM. FOLLOWING MUHAMMAD’S DEATH IN 632 A. D. , ABU BAKR, MUHAMMAD’S FATHER-INLAW, WAS CHOSEN BY SOME OF MUHAMMAD’S CLOSEST FOLLOWERS TO BECOME THE LEADER OF ISLAM. AFTER ABU BAKR DIED, PROBLEMS AROSE OVER WHO SHOULD BE THE NEXT CALIPH. THE TWO MEN WHO FOLLOWED ABU BAKR WERE ASSASSINATED, LEADING TO THE APPOINTMENT OF ALI IN 665 A. D. , MUHAMMAD’S SON-IN-LAW AND ONE OF THE FIRST CONVERTS TO ISLAM. HE WAS ALSO ASSASINATED IN 670 A. D. • UMAYYADS - IN 661 A. D. , MU’AWIYAH, A RIVAL OF ALI’S, BECAME CALIPH. TO PREVENT FUTURE CONFLICT OVER THE CHOOSING OF CALIPHS, MU’AWIYAH ESTABLISHED LAWS TO ENSURE THAT ONLY HIS DESCENDANTS WOULD BECOME CALIPHS IN THE FUTURE. IN DOING THIS HE CREATED THE UMMAYYAD DYNASTY CARRIED ON SUCCESSFUL MILITARY CONQUESTS, GAINING CONTROL OVER LAND FROM INDIA IN THE EAST TO SPAIN IN THE WEST BY 750 A. D.

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN MUHAMMAD DIES? • AFTER MUHAMMAD DIES, THE ARABS BEGIN FIGHTING OVER WHO SHOULD BE THE NEXT CALIPH. • CALIPH: ISLAMIC LEADER

First Caliphs The first 4 caliphs were Muhammad’s friends and relatives.

ABU BAKR • THE 1 ST CALIPH CHOSEN WAS A MAN NAMED ABU BAKR. • MUHAMMAD’S FATHER-INLAW • THE NEXT 3 AFTER HIM WERE ALSO RELATED TO MUHAMMAD.

First Caliphs The first 4 caliphs believed it was their duty to protect and spread Islam.

Spreading Islam They created strong military forces to spread Islam to many lands.

Disagreements Today, however, Muslims disagree on who the 1 st legitimate caliph was.

MUSLIMS SPLIT INTO 2 GROUPS… • THERE WAS MUCH FIGHTING OVER WHETHER OR NOT EACH CALIPH SHOULD BE RELATED TO MUHAMMAD. • BECAUSE OF THIS FIGHTING, MUSLIMS SPLIT INTO 2 GROUPS.

SHI’A / SUNNI • SHIA – MUSLIMS WHO ACCEPT ONLY THE DESCENDANTS OF MUHAMMAD AS THE TRUE RULERS OF ISLAM. • SUNNI – MUSLIMS WHO ACCEPTED THE UMAYYADS AS RULERS. • THOUGH THE ARAB EMPIRE CONTINUED TO EXPAND, THERE WAS CONTENTION WITHIN ISLAM REGARDING THE LEADERSHIP OF THE UMAYYAD DYNASTY. MANY MUSLIMS DID NOT SUPPORT RELIGIOUS LEADERS WHO WERE NOT THE DIRECT DESCENDANTS OF MUHAMMAD. IN 680 A. D. A REVOLT TOKK PLACE IN PRESENT-DAY IRAQ WHICH WAS LED BY HUSSEIN, THE SECOND SON OF ALI AND MUHAMMAD'S GRAND-SON. THIS SPLIT WITHIN ISLAM CONTINUES TODAY. THE MAJORITY OF MUSLIMS ARE SUNNIS, BUT MOST OF THE PEOPLE IN IRAQ AND IRAN CONSIDER THEMSELVES TO BE SHIA. Distribution of Muslims. Light Green represents Sunnis, Dark Green represents Shi’ites

TODAY • TODAY, THE SUNNIS ARE IN CHARGE!

SUFI • MUSLIM SECT WHICH REJECTED THE LUXURIOUS LIFE OF THE UMAYYADS AND PURSUED A LIFE OF POVERTY AND DEVOTION TO A SPIRITUAL PATH. • DESPITE SPECTACULAR GAINS ON THE BATTLEFIELD, THE MUSLIM COMMUNITY HAD DIFFICULTY MAINTAINING A UNIFIED RULE. IN 656, UTHMAN WAS MURDERED, STARTING A CIVIL WAR IN WHICH VARIOUS GROUPS STRUGGLED FOR POWER. ALI, AS MUHAMMAD’S COUSIN AND SON-IN-LA, WAS THE NATURAL CHOICE AS A SUCCESSOR TO UTHMAN. HOWEVER, HIS RIGHT TO RULE WAS CHALLENGED BY MUAWIYA, A GOVERNOR OF SYRIA. THEN, IN 661, ALI, TOO, WAS ASSASSINATED. THE ELECTIVE SYSTEM OF CHOOSING A CALIPH DIED WITH HIM. • A FAMILY KNOWN AS THE UMAYYADS THEN CAME TO POWER. THE UMAYYADS MOVED THE MUSLIM CAPITAL TO DAMASCUS. THIS LOCATION, AWAY FROM MECCA, MADE CONTROLLING CONQUERED TERRITORIES EASIER. HOWEVER, THE ARAB MUSLIMS FELT IT WAS TOO FAR AWAY FROM THEIR LANDS. IN ADDITION, THE UMAYYADS ABANDONED THE SIMPLE LIFE OF PREVIOUS CALIPHS AND BEGAN TO SURROUND THEMSELVES WITH WEALTH AND CEREMONY SIMILAR TO THAT OF NON-MUSLIM RULERS. THESE ACTIONS, ALONG WITH THE LEADERSHIP ISSUE, GAVE RISE TO A FUNDAMENTAL DIVISION IN THE MUSLIM COMMUNITY. • IN THE INTEREST OF PEACE, THE MAJORITY OF MUSLIMS ACCEPTED THE UMAYYADS’ RULE. HOWEVER, A MINORITY CONTINUED TO RESIST. THIS GROUP DEVELOPED AN ALTERNATE VIEW OF THE OFFICE OF CALIPH. IN THIS VIEW, THE CALIPH NEEDED TO BE A DESCENDANT OF THE PROPHET. THIS GROUP WAS SHI’A, MEANING THE “PARTY” OF ALI. MEMBERS OF THIS GROUP ARE CALLED SHI’ITES. THOSE WHO DID NOT OUTWARDLY RESIST THE RULE OF THE UMAYYADS LATER BECAME KNOWN AS SUNNI, MEANING FOLLOWERS OF MUHAMMAD’S EXAMPLE. ANOTHER GROUP, THE SUFI, REJECTED THE LUXURIOUS LIFE OF THE UMAYYADS. • VIGOROUS RELIGIOUS AND POLITICAL OPPOSITION TO THE UMAYYAD CALIPHATE LED TO ITS DOWNFALL.

THE SPREAD OF ISLAM HOW DID THIS RELIGION SPREAD?

MUHAMMAD’S DEATH • AFTER MUHAMMAD DIED, ISLAM BEGAN SPREADING OUTSIDE OF ARABIA.

WHO SPREAD ISLAM? • ISLAM WAS SPREAD THROUGHOUT THE MIDDLE EAST BY EMPIRES AND LEADERS. EMPIRES: -UMAYYADS - SYRIA -ABBASIDS – IRAQ, IRAN -SELJUK TURKS - PARTS OF ASIA -OTTOMANS - TURKEY

MERCHANTS • MERCHANTS TOOK ISLAM TO INDONESIA.

MANSA MUSA • A MAN NAMED MANSA MUSA SPREAD ISLAM THROUGHOUT NORTHERN AFRICA.

MANSA MUSA’S PILGRIMAGE • MUSA TOOK A PILGRIMAGE TO MECCA WITH OVER 1, 000 PEOPLE, SLAVES, AND 100 CAMELS – EACH CARRYING GOLD. • MUSA BROUGHT MANY MUSLIM TEACHERS, WRITERS, AND ARCHITECTS BACK TO MALI.

EARLY CONTRIBUTIONS

HOUSE OF WISDOM • A COMBINATION LIBRARY, ACADEMY, AND TRANSLATION CENTER OPENED IN BAGHDAD BY THE CALIPH AL-MA’MUN IN THE EARLY 800 S. IN THE HOUSE OF WISDOM, SCHOLARS OF DIFFERENT CULTURES AND BELIEFS WORKED SIDE BY SIDE TRANSLATING TEXTS FROM GREECE, INDIA, PERSIA, AND ELSEWHERE INTO ARABIC. • MUSLIMS HAD SEVERAL PRACTICAL REASONS FOR SUPPORTING THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. RULERS WANTED QUALIFIED PHYSICIANS TREATING THEIR ILLS. THE FAITHFUL THROUGHOUT THE EMPIRE RELIED ON MATHEMATICIANS AND ASTRONOMERS TO CALCULATE THE TIMES FOR PRAYER AND THE DIRECTION OF MECCA. HOWEVER, THEIR ATTITUDE ALSO REFLECTED A DEEP-SEATED CURIOSITY ABOUT THE WORLD AND A QUEST FOR TRUTH. MUHAMMAD HIMSELF BELIEVED STRONGLY IN THE POWER OF LEARNING. • THE PROPHET’S EMPHASIS ON STUDY AND SCHOLARSHIP LED TO STRONG SUPPORT OF PLACES OF LEARNING BY MUSLIM LEADERS. AFTER THE FALL OF ROME IN A. D. 476, EUROPE ENTERED A PERIOD OF UPHEAVAL AND CHAOS, AN ERA IN WHICH SCHOLARSHIP SUFFERED. THE SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE GAINED UP TO THAT TIME MIGHT HAVE BEEN LOST. HOWEVER, MUSLIM LEADERS AND SCHOLARS PRESERVED AND EXPANDED MUCH OF THAT KNOWLEDGE. BOTH UMAYYADS AND ABBASIDS ENCOURAGED SCHOLARS TO COLLECT AND TRANSLATE SCIENTIFIC AND PHILOSOPHICAL TEXTS. • SCHOLARS AT THE HOUSE OF WISDOM INCLUDED RESEARCHERS, EDITORS, LINGUISTS, AND TECHNICAL ADVISERS. THESE SCHOLARS DEVELOPED STANDARDS AND TECHNIQUES FOR RESEARCH THAT ARE A PART OF THE BASIC METHODS OF TODAY’S RESEARCH. SOME MUSLIM SCHOLARS USED GREEK IDEAS IN FRESH NEW WAYS. OTHER CREATED ORIGINAL WORK OF THE HIGHEST QUALITY. IN THESE WAYS,

CALIGRAPHY • THE ART OF BEAUTIFUL HANDWRITING; IN ISLAMIC CULTURE PAINTING IMAGES OF LIVING BEINGS WAS DISCOURAGED DUE TO THE BELIEF THAT ONLY ALLAH CAN CREATE LIFE. AS A RESULT, MANY MUSLIM ARTISTS TURNED INSTEAD TO CALIGRAPHY OR EXPRESSED THEMSELVES THROUGH DECORATIVE ARTS, SUCH AS WOODWORK, GLASS, CERAMICS, AND TEXTILES. • LITERATURE HAD BEEN A STRONG TRADITION IN ARABIA EVEN BEFORE ISLAM. BEDOUIN POETS, REFLECTING THE SPIRIT OF DESERT LIFE, COMPOSED POEMS CELEBRATING IDEALS SUCH AS BRAVERY, LOVE, GENEROSITY, AND HOSPITALITY. THOSE THEMES CONTINUED TO APPEAR IN POETRY WRITTEN AFTER THE RISE OF ISLAM. THE QUR’AN IS THE STANDARD FOR ALL ARABIC LITERATURE AND POETRY. EARLY MUSLIM POETS SANG THE PRAISES OF THE PROPHET AND OF ISLAM AND, LATER, OF THE CALIPHS AND OTHER PATRONS WHO SUPPORTED THEM. DURING THE AGE OF THE ABBASID CALIPHATE, LITERARY TASTES EXPANDED TO INCLUDE POEMS ABOUT NATURE AND THE PLEASURES OF LIFE AND LOVE. • POPULAR LITERATURE INCLUDED THE THOUSAND ONE NIGHTS, A COLLECTION OF FAIRY TALES, PARABLES, AND LEGENDS. THE CORE OF THE COLLECTION HAS BEEN LINKED TO INDIA AND PERSIA, BUT PEOPLES OF THE MUSLIM EMPIRES ADDED STORIES AND ARRANGED THEM, BEGINNING AROUND THE TENTH CENTURY. • IT IS IN ARCHITECTURE THAT THE GREATEST CULTURAL BLENDING OF THE MUSLIM WORLD CAN BE SEEN. TO SOME EXTENT, A BUILDING REFLECTED THE CULTURE OF PEOPLE OF THE AREA. FOR EXAMPLE, THE GREAT MOSQUE OF DAMASCUS WAS BUILT ON THE SITE OF A CHRISTIAN CHURCH. IN MANY WAYS, THE HUGE DOME AND VAULTED CEILINGS OF THE MOSQUE BLENDED BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE WITH MUSLIM IDEAS. IN SYRIAN AREAS, THE ARCHITECTURE INCLUDED FEATURES THAT WERE VERY ROMAN, INCLUDING BATHS USING ROMAN HEATING SYSTEMS. IN CORDOBA, THE GREAT MOSQUE USED TWO LEVELS OF ARCHES IN A STYLE UNKNOWN BEFORE. THE STYLE WAS BASED ON PRINCIPLES USED IN EARLIER MOSQUES. THESE BLENDED STYLES APPEARED IN ALL THE LANDS OCCUPIED BY THE MUSLIMS.

CALIGRAPHY • WHY DID MUSLIM ARTISTS USE THEIR TALENTS TO CREATE BEAUTIFUL CALIGRAPHY AND GEOMETRIC DESIGNS AND NOT TO PRODUCE PAINTINGS OF PEOPLE, PLACES OR THINGS?

CALIGRAPHY • BECAUSE PAINTING LIVING BEINGS WAS DISCOURAGED BY ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS LEADERS DUE TO THE BELIEF THAT ONLY ALLAH CAN CREATE LIFE.

THE FIRST MAJOR ISLAMIC EMPIRES

120 Years In a span of 120 years, Islam spread all throughout the M. E. , to Africa, Spain, and even India.

Who were the first 3 Muslim empires? 1. Umayyads -Islam began spreading with the Umayyad dynasty. -They moved into Afghanistan & Northern Africa. -They let people practice whatever religion they wanted, but non-Muslims had to pay a special tax.

Map of Umayyads

The Umayyads were important because they created great trading cities in Africa, such as Timbuktu.

The Umayyads

2. Abbasids The Abbasids overthrew the Umayyads after about 100 yrs. They spent their time trading, going to school, and creating art.

Baghdad The Abbasids moved the capital to Baghdad (in today’s Iraq). It was right beside the Tigris River so trading was easy!

3. Seljuk Turks The Seljuk Turks came to power 500 years later. They are best known for being great warriors. They added Iran & Turkey to the Islamic religion.

Land conquered by Seljuk Turks

The Sultan The Seljuk Turks named their leader a sultan. Sultan means “holder of power. ”