Is surprise an emotion Is it a basic

Is surprise an emotion? Is it a basic emotion?

What’s important about facial expressions? Are they radically ambiguous or truly diagnostic?

What misery! 3 Athens 2005

What joy! (Novotna, Wimbledon, 1998) 4

Are running away from a bear, or jumping up and down at a good outcome part of, or consequences an emotion? Are they expressions or external (behavioral) manifestations?

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Are there basic emotions? Which? Why? How?

Is surprise an emotion? 8

Emotions must have valence positive or negative, they can’t be neutral 9

Emotions DO usually have a behavioral component (despite OCC, p. 11) They DO usually have a motivational component They DO usually have a physiological component 10

They always have a cognitive component, the focus of OCC �� 11

Still, What is an emotion? OCC p. 13 not enough 12

Effective Functioning* • Optimizing fit between an organism’s functioning and environmental conditions • In humans, is it compromised by affect? – Under normal conditions (affect under control) – Under abnormal conditions (affect out of control) • emotional disorders (depression, GAD, phobias, bipolar disorder) * Ortony, A. , Norman, D. A. & Revelle, W. (2005). Affect and proto-affect in effective functioning. In J. M. Fellous & M. A. Arbib, Who needs emotions: The brain meets the machine. New York: Oxford University Press. 13 Athens 2005

Effective Functioning In biological systems, the interaction of • what organisms “do” (modes) • how they do it (levels) • where they do it (environments) 14 Athens 2005

Effective Functioning: What organisms “do” – four modes • feel – • want – • think, believe, etc. – • act – 15 Athens 2005

Effective Functioning: What organisms “do” – four modes • feel – pure affect (value) • want – motivation (action tendencies) • think, believe, etc. – cognition (meaning) • act – behavior (action) 16 Athens 2005

Effective Functioning: How organisms do it – three levels • fast pattern matching – Reactive • learned automatic procedures – Routine • controlled conscious activity – Reflective • affect critical in all • See also Sloman, Minsky, etc. 17 Athens 2005

Somatic Component Cognitive Component Felt bodily changes due to automatic evaluation (positive or negative) of inputs cognition Behavioral manifestations: sweating, flushing, flinching, grimacing, trembling, fleeing, freezing, spontaneous aggression, etc. (think) Appraisal of inputs in terms of motivational and other representations (goals, desires, attitudes, norms, tastes, expectations, etc. ) Behavioral manifestations: laughing, crying, smiling, frowning, cringing, etc. pure affect behavior (feel) Motivational Component motivation (want) (do) Inclinations to act or not act, urges, desires, etc. , Behavioral manifestations: hitting, retaliating, taking revenge, applauding, praising, comforting, planful avoidance, etc. GENERAL STRUCTURE OF A TYPICAL FULL-BLOWN EMOTION 18

Somatic Component Cognitive Component Felt bodily changes due to automatic evaluation (positive or negative) of inputs Appraisal of inputs in terms of motivational and other representations (goals, desires, attitudes, norms, tastes, expectations, etc. ) Behavioral manifestations: sweating, flushing, flinching, grimacing, trembling, fleeing, freezing, spontaneous aggression, etc. Behavioral manifestations: laughing, crying, smiling, frowning, cringing, etc. Phenomenological Component Sense of holistic integration of somatic, cognitive, and motivational components Motivational Component Inclinations to act or not act, urges, desires, etc. , Behavioral manifestations: hitting, retaliating, taking revenge, applauding, praising, comforting, planful avoidance, etc. COMPONENTS OF A TYPICAL FULL-BLOWN EMOTION 19

EVENTS, AGENTS, OR OBJECTS elicitors appraised in terms of goals norms/standards tastes/attitudes (for events) (for agents’ actions) (for objects) desirability EVENT- or GOAL-BASED EMOTIONS praiseworthiness ATTRIBUTION or NORM-BASED EMOTIONS appealingness ATTRACTION or TASTE-BASED EMOTIONS representations criteria emotions 20 Athens 2005