IS IT ETHICAL TO USE NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR MEDICINAL

IS IT ETHICAL TO USE NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR MEDICINAL PURPOSES IN INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES? PATRICK SKINNER AICE GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES AS

HEALTH PERSPECTIVE • RICHARD MERTZ: • “NANOBOTS WILL BE ABLE TO SELF-REPLICATE, WHICH WOULD BE DANGEROUS FOR HUMANS AND NEED CAREFUL CONTROL BY SCIENTISTS” • PAWEL SYSIAK: • “ARTIFICIAL MATERIALS WILL BE INTEGRATED INTO THE BODY MORE AND MORE … ORGANS COULD BE REPLACED BY SUPER-ADVANCED MACHINE VERSIONS THAT WOULD RUN FOREVER AND NEVER FAIL. ”

ENVIRONMENTAL PERSPECTIVE • ROBERT J. BIDDLECOMBE: • “CLEARLY, NANOTECHNOLOGY IS HERE TO STAY AND… THE UK WILL NEED TO REGULATE IT BOTH EFFECTIVELY AND EFFICIENTLY” • JONATHAN MINGLE • “. . . RESEARCHERS FROM MIT AND THE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF GOIAS IN BRAZIL DEMONSTRATE A… METHOD FOR USING NANOPARTICLES AND UV LIGHT TO QUICKLY ISOLATE AND EXTRACT… CONTAMINANTS FROM SOIL AND WATER. ”

INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVE • ADAM SOLIMAN: • “UNTESTED NANOMATERIALS ARE ALREADY WIDELY ENGINEERED INTO FOOD, MEDICAL AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS…. THE LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF NANOPARTICLE USE MAY BE POSITIVE, BUT THEY MAY ALSO HAVE A NEGATIVE IMPACT ON HEALTH. ” • CHRISTINA ORTIZ • “NANOTECHNOLOGY USE IN FOOD HAS REAL ADVANTAGES: THE TECHNOLOGY GIVES PRODUCERS THE POWER TO CONTROL HOW FOOD LOOKS, TASTES, AND EVEN HOW LONG IT LASTS. ”

AHMED KHAN • CREDENTIALS: • ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT RACHNA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY • MASTERS IN MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING • PUBLISHER: • QSCIENCE PROCEEDINGS • 2015 • FLAWS: • HYPOTHETICAL STATEMENT • ANONYMOUS AUTHORITY • CLAIMS: “ETHICAL AND SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY” • “…NANOTECHNOLOGY IS IN ITS INFANCY, AND THERE IS A LACK OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT ITS EFFECTS ON HUMANS… IN ITS APPLICATIONS IN THE AREA OF MEDICINE. ” • STRENGTHS: • BACKGROUND INFORMATION • CREDIBLE PUBLISHER • TABLE • CIRCUMSPECTION

AHMED KHAN • CREDENTIALS: • ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT RACHNA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY • MASTERS IN MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING • PUBLISHER: • QSCIENCE PROCEEDINGS • 2015 • FLAWS: • HYPOTHETICAL STATEMENT • ANONYMOUS AUTHORITY • CLAIMS: “ETHICAL AND SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY” • “…NANOTECHNOLOGY IS IN ITS INFANCY, AND THERE IS A LACK OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT ITS EFFECTS ON HUMANS… IN ITS APPLICATIONS IN THE AREA OF MEDICINE. ” • STRENGTHS: • BACKGROUND INFORMATION • CREDIBLE PUBLISHER • TABLE • CIRCUMSPECTION

JILLIAN GARDNER • CREDENTIALS: • SENIOR LECTURER AT UNIVERSITY OF WITSWATERSRAND • MMED IN BIOETHICS AND HEALTH LAW • PUBLISHER: • SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS AND LAW • 2014 • FLAWS: • WEAK ANALOGY • INFORMAL • CLAIMS: “NANOTECHNOLOGY IN MEDICINE AND HEALTHCARE: POSSIBILITIES, PROGRESS AND PROBLEMS” • “…THERE ARE CONCERNS ABOUT [NANOMEDICINE’S] FUTURE IMPLICATIONS…” • “…NANOTECHNOLOGY, MUCH LIKE GENETIC ENGINEERING OR MODIFICATION, IS MESSING WITH THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF NATURE AND IS THEREFORE, UNNATURAL AND UNETHICAL. ” • STRENGTHS: • BACKGROUND INFORMATION • CREDIBLE PUBLISHER

ABDOLHASSAN KAZEMI, MARYAM MAJIDINIA AND ALI AKBAR JAMALI • CREDENTIALS: • KAZEMI AND MAJIDINIA BOTH PROFESSORS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AT TABRIZ UNIVERSITY • JAMALI IS A PROFESSOR OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING AT UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHETWAN • PUBLISHER: • JOURNAL OF CLINICAL RESEARCH AND BIOETHICS • FLAWS: • HYPOTHETICAL STATEMENT • CLAIMS: “THE QUESTION OF ETHICS IN NANOMEDICINE” • “…NONE OF THE ETHICAL QUESTIONS SURROUNDING NANOMEDICINE ARE NEW OR UNIQUE, AND WOULD HOLD TRUE FOR ANY NEW MEDICAL DEVICE…” • “NANOTECHNOLOGY SUPPORTERS THINK THAT IT HAS THE POTENTIAL TO TRANSFORM OUR LIVES DRAMATICALLY…” • STRENGTHS: • ANONYMOUS AUTHORITY • COUNTERARGUMENT • OVERSTATEMENT • DEDUCTIVE REASONING

BERNA ARDA • CREDENTIALS: • PROFESSOR OF MEDICAL ETHICS AT THE ANKARA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE • PHD IN MEDICAL ETHICS • PUBLISHER: • ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS • 2015 • FLAWS: • HASTY GENERALIZATION • INDUCTIVE ARGUMENT • CLAIMS: “NANOTECHNOLOGY AND NANOMEDICINE: ETHICAL ASPECTS” • “AS WITH EVERY KIND OF TECHNOLOGY, NANOTECHNOLOGY WILL ALSO INDUCE CHANGES IN OUR LIFE STYLES…” • “MAIN ETHICAL ISSUES RAISED BY NANOTECHNOLOGY. ” • STRENGTHS: • CIRCUMSPECTION • TABLE

BERNA ARDA • CREDENTIALS: • PROFESSOR OF MEDICAL ETHICS AT THE ANKARA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE • PHD IN MEDICAL ETHICS • PUBLISHER: • ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS • 2015 • FLAWS: • HASTY GENERALIZATION • INDUCTIVE ARGUMENT • CLAIMS: “NANOTECHNOLOGY AND NANOMEDICINE: ETHICAL ASPECTS” • “AS WITH EVERY KIND OF TECHNOLOGY, NANOTECHNOLOGY WILL ALSO INDUCE CHANGES IN OUR LIFE STYLES…” • “MAIN ETHICAL ISSUES RAISED BY NANOTECHNOLOGY. ” • STRENGTHS: • CIRCUMSPECTION • TABLE

RECONSTRUCTION • AHMED KHAN: • BACKGROUND INFORMATION, TABLE, CIRCUMSPECTION • ANONYMOUS AUTHORITY, HYPOTHETICAL STATEMENTS • JILLIAN GARDNER: • BACKGROUND INFORMATION, DEDUCTIVE REASONING • WEAK ANALOGIES, INFORMAL PHRASES • ABDOLHASSAN KAZEMI, MARYAM MAJIDINIA AND ALI AKBAR JAMALI: • DEDUCTIVE REASONING • HYPOTHETICAL STATEMENTS, ANONYMOUS AUTHORITY • BERNA ARDA • TABLE, CIRCUMSPECTION • HASTY GENERALIZATION

EVALUATION • WHAT I BELIEVE: • IT IS NOT CURRENTLY ETHICAL TO USE NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR MEDICINAL PURPOSES UNTIL MORE RESEARCH IS CONDUCTED • AHMED KHAN’S ARTICLE WAS THE MOST INFLUENTIAL IN MY DECISION • WHAT I LEARNED: • THERE ARE CONCERNS ABOUT NANOMEDICINE BEING TOXIC TO PEOPLE BECAUSE THEY DO NOT REALLY KNOW THE MATERIALS THAT ARE BEING USED TO CREATE THEM • THERE IS RESEARCH BEING CONDUCTED TO MAKE NANOBOTS A SELF-REPLICATING DEVICE AND THAT THERE CAN BE CONCERNS ABOUT THE USE OF THEM IN THE HUMAN BODY • SOLUTIONS: • ONLY SPECIALIZE NANOMEDICINE, AND NOT HAVE ANY WITH A GENERAL PURPOSE • DO NOT PRODUCE SELF-REPLICATING NANOBOTS, ESPECIALLY FOR USE IN THE MEDICAL FIELD • TAG THE NANOTECHNOLOGY SO THAT THEY CAN BE TRACKED AND EVEN BE SHUT DOWN IF THEY BECOME TOO DANGEROUS • STANDARD INTERNATIONAL LAW BETWEEN INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES COULD PROVIDE CONSISTENT SAFETY STANDARDS CONCERNING NANOMEDICINE

WORKS CITED • "NANOTECHNOLOGY. " MERRIAM-WEBSTER. 2017. ACCESSED 5 APR. 2017. • ARDA, BERNA. "NANOTECHNOLOGY, NANOMEDICINE: ETHICAL ASPECTS. " ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS, VOL. 13, NO. 3, SEPT. 2015. ACCESSED 4 APR. 2017. • BIDDLECOMBE, ROBERT J. "ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION AND NANOTECHNOLOGY IN THE UK AND EU: CHALLENGES, RISKS, AND REWARDS. " FRESH: PERSPECTIVES ON ENVIRONMENTAL, SAFETY, AND HEALTH, FRESHLAWBLOG. COM, 14 JAN. 2015. ACCESSED 24 APR. 2017. • GARDNER, JILLIAN. "NANOTECHNOLOGY IN MEDICINE AND HEALTHCARE: POSSIBILITIES, PROGRESS AND PROBLEMS. " SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS AND LAW, VOL. 8, NO. 2, 26 NOV. 2015, PP. 50 -53, DOI: 10. 7196/SAJBL. 432. ACCESSED 23 APR. 2017. • KAZEMI, ABDOLHASSAN, MARYAM MAJIDINIA, AND ALI A. JAMALI. "THE QUESTION OF ETHICS IN NANOMEDICINE. " JOURNAL OF CLINICAL RESEARCH AND BIOETHICS, VOL. 5, NO. 4, 16 AUG. 2014, PP. 1 -3. ACCESSED 4 APR. 2017. • KHAN, AHMED. "ETHICAL AND SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY. " QSCIENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 2015, NO. 4, 2015, PP. 1 -5. ACCESSED 4 APR. 2017. • MERTZ, RICHARD “HUMANS WILL BE INJECTED WITH NANOBOTS. ” THINGS YOU DIDN'T KNOW, TYDK, 17 MAR. 2015 ACCESSED 19 APR. 2017. • MINGLE, JONATHAN. "NEW STUDY SHOWS HOW NANOPARTICLES CAN CLEAN UP ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS. " MIT NEWS, 21 JULY 2015. ACCESSED 24 APR. 2017. • ORTIZ, CHRISTINA. "WAIT, THERE'S NANOTECHNOLOGY IN MY FOOD? . " POPULAR MECHANICS, 19 FEB. 2014. ACCESSED 24 APR. 2017. • RESNIK, DAVID. "ETHICS IN NANOMEDICINE. " FUTURE MEDICINE, VOL. 2, NO. 3, JUNE 2007, PP. 345 -50. ACCESSED 5 APR. 2017. • ROUSE, MARGARET. WHATIS. COM, EDITED BY MARGARET ROUSE AND IVY WIGMORE, TECHTARGET, 2017. ACCESSED 5 APR. 2017. • SOLIMAN, ADAM. "THE NEED FOR STRONGER NANOTECHNOLOGY REGULATION. " FOOD SAFETY NEWS, 16 OCT. 2012. ACCESSED 24 APR. 2017. • SYSIAK, PAWEL. “IMMORTALITY? NANOTECHNOLOGY? – AI REVOLUTION – MEDIUM. ” MEDIUM, AI REVOLUTION, 4 APR. 2016, . ACCESSED 24 APR. 2017.