Iraq War Economy Displacement and Living Conditions Iraq

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Iraq War Economy Displacement and Living Conditions Khalid M. Khalid Programme Associate UNDP Iraq

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Contents • Iraq pre 2003 war • Status shortly after the war • Displacement and violence: post-Samarra bombing • How things stand today

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Introduction: First 11 Years Much of what is happening today has roots the Ba’th regime rule that started 1968 • Violent changes of regime since 1958 • Ba’th regime coup, 1968: profound and forced social and economic changes • Basic strategy: concentrate power in state’s hands • Nationalization campaign culminating in nationalization of oil in 1972

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Introduction: First 11 Years • Income from oil rose tenfold to form 87% of total revenues • Development projects in Education, welfare, industry, and capital projects

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Introduction: First 11 Years • Revenues financed building strong political base • Oppress opposition or buy them off with financial benefits, especially the military • Huge development projects opened opportunities for the business people who had connections with the regime

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Introduction: Iraq-Iran War • Foreign currency reserve over $35 Billion • Drop in oil revenues with increase in war expenditure • Foreign dept by end of war in 1988: $80 Billion • Abandonment of development projects • Massive layoffs in industry and agriculture workforce • Privatization: selling of 70 large factories and most of agricultural land to private sector • Infrastructure in need of repair

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Introduction: Kuwait War • More of Iraq’s infrastructure was destroyed in six weeks of bombing than the 8 years of war with Iran • Sanctions eroded what was left of the economic base of the country • Severely harmed civilians • Devaluated Dinar from ID 1=$3 to ID 1000=$1 • Increase in emigration of Iraqi brain • Rapid deterioration in the living standards

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Part 1: 2003 Change of Regime “Iraq is the world’s best known conflict, but the least well known humanitarian crisis” Antonio Guterres, UN High Commissioner for Refugees • Iraq Living Conditions Survey (ILCS) 2004

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Acute Electricity Shortage • 58% of the population were deprived of stable electricity supply • Power cuts could last as much as 12 hours • One third of the population had alternate power supply such as home or street generators • Power generation was reduced from the pre-war level of 3, 958 MW to 500 MW

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Water and Sanitation Problems • 40% of population reported sewage flooding • 62% of population were dissatisfied with solid waste disposal • 54% of households have piped water, only 29% have stable supply of safe drinking water • Rural areas and the southern regions suffered the most

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Economic Hardship • 55% of families have a low economic status • 60% of population owned less than 8 durable goods • 57% of population did not have proper employment • 51% of families could not provide for one or more of: keeping house warm in winter, cool in summer, changing furniture, buying second hand clothes, eating meat or chicken 3 times a week • 36% of households could not earn $60 a week

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Decline of Education Standards • 74% literacy in youth ages 15 -24: higher than average population, however lower than age group 25 -34 • 89% enrolment rate for boys versus 74% for girls • North region which previously was lower than other regions have become the best region in educational levels

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Serious Child Malnutrition • 12% of children between six months and five years are underweight • 8% suffer from acute malnutrition • 23% suffer from chronic malnutrition • South regions showed highest levels of malnourished children • 4% in north region: lowest regions but still high • Malnutrition linked to educational level of head of household more than economic status • Effectiveness of ration card system • Male and female children identical levels

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Illness • 14% of children under five were sick in two weeks preceding survey and is higher (58%) in children under one year of age • Contamination of piped water is the cause of the many cases of water-borne disease • 15% chronic illness in men, 7% chronic illness in women • Problems mostly in age group 20 -29, result of war with Iran • Considerable amounts in age groups 10 -19 and 30 -49 • Illness related to 2003 showed more incidence in children under 9 than age group 20 -29

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Housing • Few squatter houses in 2004 in Iraqi cities • Some improvised houses found in rural areas in Wasit, Maysan, and Kurdistan • High level of house ownership • High level of crowding, more in rural areas • Crowding related to the economic status of the family

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Summary of Living Conditions in 2004 • Serious problems in supply of basic infrastructure services (water, electricity) • Widespread of long-term economic hardships • Serious child malnutrition • Stalled education achievements • Economy in transition with an increase in private sector and self-employment • Differences among regions: the south worst off

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Post-Samarra Iraq • Core of the political crisis • Power sharing • Distribution of National Wealth • Review of the Constitution • Bombing of Askari shrine in Samarra marked the beginning of unprecedented sectarian violence in Iraq

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions New Dimensions in Displacement • Pre-2003 displacement in Iraq: • Displacement of Kurds • Forced displacement during the Iraq-Iran war • Emigration due to discriminatory practices, oppression, economic hardship • Increase in size of displacement, many-folds after Samarra bombing

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions IDP Numbers: UNHCR • Difficulty in number of IDPs • Most IDPs do not live in camps • Many IDPs do not register • Difficulty to survey displacement areas • Insufficient national capacities • UN IDP figures: • UNHCR: 148, 000 in the period 2003 -2005 Internally Displaced People in Iraq, September 2007 Northern Governorates 800, 900 Central Governorates 740, 500 Southern Governorates 714, 600 Total 2, 256, 000

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions IDP Numbers: Ministry of Displaced and Migration • Mo. DM IDP figures: 999, 772 (163, 574 families) in November 2007 • 36% of IDPs are in Baghdad • 12%-15% of Baghdad’s population have been displaced

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions IDPs in Baghdad

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions IDPs in Baghdad

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Ethnicity Distribution in Iraq

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions IDPs Living Conditions: Shelter • IDPs requirements beyond capacity of government at federal and governorate levels • IDPs movement are restricted in governorates of Kurdistan and Kirkuk • Biggest problem for IDPs is to find shelter • Mo. DM implemented only two camps in Baghdad and 12 others in remaining governorates

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions IDPs Living Conditions: Food • IOM shows that 70% of IDPs in Anbar, Baghdad, Najaf, and Dhi Qar are not receiving PDS rations • Lost of livelihood resulted in greater dependence on the ration card • Few families were issued special ration cards

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions IDPs Living Conditions: Health • IOM study shows that serious health problems among IDPs • Few health facilities available, mostly in bad shape • Percentages of IDPs with medical problems Salahuddin 15% Kerbala 19% Maysan 29% Anbar 34% Diyala 52% Muthana 59% Babil 61% Kirkuk 73% Wasit 96%

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions IDPs Living Conditions: Schooling • Great difficulties in resuming schooling: • Schooling not a priority under displacement conditions • Difficulty in obtaining transfer documentation • No school near camp • Children to help with income generation

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Displacement of Minorities • Minorities migrated to Kurdistan or outside Iraq • Personally subjected to violence or places of worship attacked • Discrimination increased after Samarra bombing • Minorities such as Christians, Sabi’a, Izidis in Baghdad, Basrah, Mosul, Kirkuk, and Diyala were kidnapped, attacked, and requested to change religion

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Displacement: Migration • Nearly 2 Million Iraqis are displaced outside Iraq • Most have migrated to Syria and Jordan • Ability of neighbouring countries to accommodate such large numbers is reaching fatigue • Entry restrictions to these countries has made it difficult for Iraqis to find a save haven Displaced Iraqis in the Region Syria 1. 2 – 1. 4 Million Jordan 500, 000 – 750, 000 Egypt Iran Lebanon Turkey Gulf States Up to 70, 000 57, 000 20, 000 -40, 000 10, 000 200, 000

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Displacement: Migration • Iraqis are the leading nationality seeking assylum in industrialized countries • 22, 200 applied for asylum in 2006 and 19, 800 in first six months of 2007

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Displacement: Iraqi Refugees around the world Germany UK Netherlands Sweden Australia Denmark Norway 36, 200 22, 000 21, 800 23, 600 11, 100 9, 900 8, 700 US Switzerland Canada Finland Italy France Hungary 19, 800 5, 000 4, 000 1, 600 1, 300 1, 200 Bulgaria Austria Greece New Zealand Armenia Romania Ireland 1, 200 820 460 450 340

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Displacement: Migration • Shortage of humanitarian resources to care for refugees in Jordan and Syria • Iraqis could not work legally in Syria • Growing number of girls and women are forced into sex trade to earn money for living • In Jordan only 30% of Iraqis have work • Majority of Iraqis in Jordan are middle class that live out of savings or remittance • Iraqis in Jordan are becoming increasing vulnerable due to depletion of resources

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Civilian Protection • The sheer violence directed against Iraqi civilians is unparalleled in any emergency in the world • Perpetrators of violence are: armed groups, criminal gangs, extremists, militias, as well as operations by security and military forces • The majority of casualties are innocent civilians

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions War Related Death • In the aftermath of 2003 invasion: • 18, 000 to 29, 000 Iraqis have died (ILCS, Lancet: 98, 000) • 12% of deaths were children • Orphanage measured 6% than Jordan • The 2006 Lancet report shows: • Violent death has reached 601, 000 (with lower bound 95% confidence interval 426, 000 violent deaths • 1000 Iraqis killed every single day in the first half of 2006. Less than tenth of them being noticed by public serveillance mechanisms (UN: total recorded civilian deaths in 2006 is 34, 452) • 800, 000 suffered blast wounds • Over 7% of adult male population killed in violence

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions War Related Death (Lancet findings continued) • Number of civilians killed by coalition increased

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions War Related Death • Civilian fatalities increased since May 2003 to reach a peak of 3, 700 in November 2006

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Bombings • Multiple fatality bombings: 1, 613 (35% suicide)

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Brain Slain • Many educated people had to leave the country prior to 2003 war because of lack of freedoms, political oppression, and economic hardship • After 2003 university professors and doctors were specifically targeted • Out of the 23, 000 registered doctors, 17, 000 left the country after 2003, 2000 were killed, 250 kidnapped

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Crime: Looting and Kidnapping • Looting crimes began 9 April 2003 with the fall of Baghdad • Looting targeted vital public institutions including schools, libraries, hospitals, electricity installations • 50, 000 irreplaceable artifacts dating back to 5000 years were stolen from the National Museum

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Crime: Looting the National Museum

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Crime: Looting the National Museum

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Crime: Looting and Kidnapping • Multinational Forces only protected Ministry of Oil and Ministry of Interior • Kidnapping became the most profiting profession in the country • Brookings: 40 kidnappings per day • Ministry of Interior: 5, 000 kidnapped Dec 03 – Apr 05 • Ransoms start $250, 000, negotiated to $30, 000

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Prisons • Ministry of Human Rights: 20, 000 prisoners held with MNF, 21, 000 in government prisons • Brookings: 25, 100 with MNF, ~37, 000 with government • Prison problems: overcrowding, lack of judicial oversight • Many held for long periods. Reports of abuse • Recent improvements, with promise to allow inspection

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Through the eyes of Iraqis • Many surveys and assessments conducted since 2004 • Widely varying results makes it hard to have an indication about trends • Difficulty with conducting surveys • Limitations in national capacities • Precarious security situation

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Through the eyes of Iraqis • Polls to measure perceptions about situation in Iraq • Central Organization for Statisitics and Information Technology (COSIT) poll • D 3 Systems poll for BBC, ARD TV, USA Today • Both polls conducted in Feb/March 2007

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Through the eyes of Iraqis Q: Overall, how would you say things are going in your life these days? Would you say things are very good, quite bad, or very bad? 200 7 200 5 200 4 % % % Very Good 8 22 13 Quite Good 31 49 57 Quite Bad 32 18 14 Very Bad 28 11 15 - 1 1 Refused/don’t know

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Through the eyes of Iraqis Q: What is your expectation for how things overall in your life will be in a year from now? Will things be much better, somewhat better, about the same, somewhat worse, or much worse? 2007 2005 2004 % % % Much Better 12 35 37 Somewhat Better 23 29 34 About the Same 32 14 9 Somewhat Worse 25 7 3

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Through the eyes of Iraqis Q: What is the single biggest problem facing your life these days? 2007 2005 2004 % % % Net: Security issues 48 18 25 Net: Political/military issues 13 n. a. 2 Net: Economic issues 17 15 21 Net: social issues 22 16 18 Net: Personal issues 1 7 4 Other - 4 2 No problem - 31 18 No opinion - 9 8

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Through the eyes of Iraqis Q: Do you think your children will have a better life than you, worse, or about the same? % Better 42 Worse 37 About the Same 21 Refused/don’t know -

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Through the eyes of Iraqis Q: I would like to ask you about today’s conditions in the village/neighbourhood where you live. Would you rate security situation as very good, quite bad, or very bad? 2007 2005 2004 % % % Very good 17 31 20 Quite good 30 30 29 Quite bad 21 17 21 Very bad 32 21 29 - 1 1 Refused/don’t know

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Through the eyes of Iraqis Q: I would like to ask you about today’s conditions in the village/neighbourhood where you live. Would you rate availability of jobs as very good, quite bad, or very bad? 2007 2005 2004 % % % Very good 3 11 7 Quite good 17 27 19 Quite bad 44 23 23 Very bad 35 34 46 - 5 6 Refused/don’t know

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Through the eyes of Iraqis Q: I would like to ask you about today’s conditions in the village/neighbourhood where you live. Would you rate supply of electricity as very good, quite bad, or very bad? 2007 2005 2004 % % % Very good 2 11 8 Quite good 11 35 27 Quite bad 37 30 28 Very bad 51 24 37 - 1 1 Refused/don’t know

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Through the eyes of Iraqis Q: I would like to ask you about today’s conditions in the village/neighbourhood where you live. Would you rate availability of clean water as very good, quite bad, or very bad? 2007 2005 2004 % % % Very good 9 19 20 Quite good 22 39 31 Quite bad 35 27 22 Very bad 34 15 26 - - 1 Refused/don’t know

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Through the eyes of Iraqis Q: I would like to ask you about today’s conditions in the village/neighbourhood where you live. Would you rate availability medical care as very good, quite bad, or very bad? 2007 2005 2004 % % % Very good 8 27 17 Quite good 23 35 34 Quite bad 35 23 24 Very bad 34 13 22 - 2 3 Refused/don’t know

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Through the eyes of Iraqis Q: I would like to ask you about today’s conditions in the village/neighbourhood where you live. Would you rate local schools as very good, quite bad, or very bad? 2007 2005 2004 % % % Very good 12 43 37 Quite good 31 31 35 Quite bad 35 17 15 Very bad 21 7 11 - 1 3 Refused/don’t know

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Through the eyes of Iraqis Q: I would like to ask you about today’s conditions in the village/neighbourhood where you live. Would you rate availability of basic household items as very good, quite bad, or very bad? 2007 2005 2004 % % % Very good 8 22 18 Quite good 30 38 38 Quite bad 39 23 24 Very bad 23 15 17 - 2 2 Refused/don’t know

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Through the eyes of Iraqis Q: I would like to ask you about today’s conditions in the village/neighbourhood where you live. Would you rate availability fuel for cooking or driving as very good, quite bad, or very bad? % Very good 1 Quite good 11 Quite bad 40 Very bad 48 Refused/don’t know -

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Through the eyes of Iraqis Q: I would like to ask you about today’s conditions in the village/neighbourhood where you live. Would you rate ability to move safely as very good, quite bad, or very bad? % Very good 8 Quite good 16 Quite bad 40 Very bad 35 Refused/don’t know -

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Through the eyes of Iraqis Q: For each item I read, please tell me if it has or has not occurred nearby here? Have occurred nearby here Have not occurred nearby here Refuse/ don’t know % % % Car bombs, suicide attacks 32 68 - Snipers, crossfire 30 70 - Fighting among sectarian factions 25 75 - Kidnappings for ransom 40 60 - Fighting between Iraqi government and antigovernment forces 34 66 - Unnecessary violence against citizens by US or coalition forces 44 55 - Unnecessary violence against citizens by the Iraqi police 24 76 - Unnecessary violence against citizens by the Iraqi Army 24 76 - Unnecessary violence against citizens by local militia forces 31 69 -

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Through the eyes of Iraqis Q: Have you or an immediate family member—by which I mean someone living in this household –been physically harmed by the violence that is occurring in the country at this time? % Yes 17 No 83 Refused/don’t know -

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Through the eyes of Iraqis Q: How concerned are you that you or someone living in this household might in the future become a victim of the violence that is occurring in the country? Is that something that worries you a great deal, somewhat, not so much, or hardly at all? % A Great Deal 64 Somewhat 22 Not So Much 9 Hardly At All 5 Refused/don’t know -

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Through the eyes of Iraqis Q: In the last few days, have you experienced any of the following because of the situation in our country at the present time? If Yes: Have you experienced it a great deal or somewhat? Yes, a great deal Yes, somewhat No Refused / don’t know % % Trouble sleeping 36 40 25 - Difficulty concentrating on your work or usual activities 31 41 28 - Feelings of anger 36 46 18 - Feelings of depression 37 40 23 -

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Through the eyes of Iraqis Q: In order to avoid trouble, how often, if ever, have you done any of the following over the past year? Is it very often, quite often, not so often or never? Very often Quite often Not so often Ne ver Refuse/ don’t know % % % Avoiding going out of your home 18 33 27 22 - Not sending your children to school 14 26 28 32 - Avoiding passing/driving by police stations and other public buildings 20 35 25 20 - Avoiding markets and other crowded areas 21 33 29 17 - Avoiding checkpoints 29 36 14 20 - Avoiding US and other coalition forces 46 35 10 9 - Avoiding travel 21 33 29 18 - Being careful about what you say about yourself to others 30 37 18 14 - Avoiding going to work or to apply for work 17 26 29 28 -

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Through the eyes of Iraqis Q: Who do you blame the most for the violence that is occurring in the country? % The United States/coalition forces 31 President Bush 9 The Iraqi government 8 The Iraqi army 1 Iraqi police 1 Sunni militias/leaders 5 Shiite militias/leaders 6 Sectarian disputes 8 Al Qaeda/foreign jihadists 18 Common criminals 6 Iran 7 Other - Refused/don’t know -

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Through the eyes of Iraqis Q: Which of these would be your preference to have in command of security in this area: the Iraqi police, the Iraqi army, coalition forces, local militia, or other extra -legal armed forces? % The Iraqi police 46 The Iraqi army 32 Coalition forces 9 Local militia 7 Other extra-legal armed forces 1 None 5 Refused/don’t know -

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Through the eyes of Iraqis Q: There areas of Iraq where in the past Sunnis and Shiites lived together in the same mahallah. In some of these areas people are now separating— Sunnis moving to live among Sunnis only, Shiites moving to live among Shiites only. Has this separating of people been happening in this mahallah, or not? Would you say: % Yes, it has happened 14 No, this mahallah (neighborhood) has been mixed and remains so 38 No, this mahallah (neighborhood) has never been mixed 47 Refused/don’t know -

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Through the eyes of Iraqis Q: Has this movement of people been mainly forcible, or mainly voluntary? % Mainly Forcible 81 Mainly voluntary 19 Refused/don’t know -

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Through the eyes of Iraqis Q: Do you think the separation of people on sectarian lines is a good thing or a bad thing for Iraq? % Good thing Bad thing Refused/don’t know 6 94 -

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Through the eyes of Iraqis Q: Thinking about your security, if you could do so, would you move to a different area of the country, or are you satisfied living in this location? % Move to different area 19 I am satisfied living in this location 81 Refused/don’t know -

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Through the eyes of Iraqis Q: Again with your security in mind, if you could do so, would you move to a different country entirely, or are you satisfied living in Iraq? % Move to another country 30 I am satisfied living in this location 70 Refused/don’t know -

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Through the eyes of Iraqis Q: Do you personally think Iraq is or is not involved in a civil war at this time? % Yes 42 No 56 Refused/don’t know 2

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Through the eyes of Iraqis Q: Which of the following structures do you believe Iraq should have in the future? 2007 2005 2004 % % % One unified Iraq with a central government in Baghdad, 58 70 79 A group of regional states with their own regional governments and a federal government in Baghdad 28 18 14 A country divided into separate independent states 14 9 4 - 3 3 Refused/don’t know

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Through the eyes of Iraqis Q: There can be differences between the way government is set up in a country, called the political system. From the three options I am going to read to you, which ONE do you think would be the best for Iraq now? 2007 2005 2004 % % % Strong leader: a government headed by one man for life 34 26 28 Islamic state: where politicians rule according to religious principles 22 14 21 Democracy: a government with a chance for the leader to be replaced from time to time 43 57 49 - 3 4 Refused/don’t know

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Through the eyes of Iraqis Q: Who do you think currently controls things in our country; is it the Iraqi government, the United States, somebody else, or no one? 2007 2005 % % Iraqi Government 34 44 United States 59 24 Somebody else 4 17 No one controls things 3 6 Refused/don’t know - 9

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Through the eyes of Iraqis Q: Since the war, how do you feel about the way in which the United States and other Coalition forces have carried out their responsibilities in Iraq? Have they done a very good job, quite a bad job, or a very bad job? 2007 2005 % % A Very Good Job 6 10 Quite a Good Job 18 27 Quite a Bad Job 30 19 A Very Bad Job 46 40 - 5 Refused/don’t know

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Through the eyes of Iraqis Q: Do you strongly support, somewhat oppose, or strongly oppose the presence of Coalition forces in Iraq? 2007 2005 2004 % % % 6 13 13 Somewhat Support 16 19 26 Somewhat Oppose 32 21 20 Strongly Oppose 46 44 31 - 3 10 Strongly Support Refused/don’t know

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Through the eyes of Iraqis Q: Do you approve or disapprove of the way Nouri Kamel Al-Maliki is handling his job as prime minister? % Approve 43 Disapprove 57 Refused/don’t know -

Iraq War Economy: Displacement and Living Conditions Through the eyes of Iraqis Thank you