IPUMSInternational partners by stage final stage data in

IPUMS-International partners by stage final stage (data in development/dissemination) = darkest middle stage (signed agreement) = medium green first stage (verbal agreement, signing pending) = lightest www. ipums. org/international 1

Composite coding scheme: employment status integrated codes Codes in original dat da www. ipums. org/international 2

Calibrating census microdata against a gold standard (employment survey): women in the workforce, Mexico 1990 and 2000 * * * Robert Mc. Caa, Albert Esteve , Rodolfo Gutierrez and Gabriela Vasquez, Minnesota Population Center paper at: www. hist. umn. edu/~rmccaa/mxflfp. doc Calibrate, v. 1864. a. trans. . to graduate a gauge of any kind with allowance for its irregularities. The Oxford English Dictionary Online (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2001) www. ipums. org/international 3

Today’s Presentation » The paper: Calibrating censusmicrodata a. Census vs. employment surveys b. Female labor force participation c. vs. ENEU (“national” urban survey): 1990 & 2000 d. vs. ENE (national survey): 2000 e. Conclusion: Mexican censusmicrodata on FLFP are better than commonly thought www. ipums. org/international 4

Calibration test Mexico 1990, 2000: FLFP census microdata vs. employment surveys Employment surveys: date from the late 1980 s; many probing questions finely tuned instrument administered by trained interviewers Urban (ENEU)—quarterly from 1987, 16 cities in 1990, rising to 47 in 2000 --lacks national coverage; National (ENE)—from 1988; annual since 1995 Census microdata : strength: national coverage back to 1960 weakness: untrained interviewers, one question on LFP omits many working women, particularly informal workers Purpose of paper: calibrate census microdata w/ employment surveys www. ipums. org/international 5

IPUMS-International Employment Status variable comparability discussion: Mexico 1990, 2000 “In 1990, the employment status question refers to ‘Principal Activity’ and therefore under-reports secondary economic activity by students, housewives, family-workers, the semi-retired, and others. “The 2000 Census sought to overcome deficiencies in reporting work status for people whose primary activity was not work (students, housewives, retirees, etc. ), but who in fact were working according to international definitions. A second question, introduced for the first time in 2000, sought to capture this secondary economic activity. For strict comparability with earlier Mexican censuses, this recovered activity (codes 1101 -1106) should be considered ‘inactive’. " www. ipums. org/international 6

2000 census--two questions on LFP: 1: 1: “Lastweek, week did (NAME). . . ” (NAME). . . ? ” 2: “Besides (. . . ), . . . ” did (NAME). . . ? ” Question 1: Question 2: Last week (Name): Did you help in a Did you work? 27. 5% family business? Sell some product? Had work? 0. 4 Look for work? 0. 3 Looked? 0. 3 Make some product to sell? Q. Are 1&2: you a combined student? student/ wrkd 0. 5 Help on a farm or with livestock? housewife/ wr 3. 7 housewife? retired/ wrkd 0. 0 Or in exchange for retired? pay did you do other/ wrkd 0. 4 permanently some other noincapacitated? reply/wrkd 0. 0 www. ipums. org/international activity? Did you not work? 7

!! 197 n o r o s o f Table 1. Selected microdata samples g s n e i l p m m of. Co. Mexico, sa 20001960 - 2000 0% & Sample Size Year Type % pop. 1 w 990 e 1960* Census 502, 702 1. 5 1 N 1970* Census 1980 Census 480, 265 1. 0 No sample available due to earthquake damage 1990* Census 802, 774 1. 0 1990, ENEU (urban survey) 172, 233 0. 2 2000 * Census 10, 099, 182 2000 ENEU (urban survey) 562, 471 2001 ENE (national survey) 588, 912 (*integrated in IPUMS-International) www. ipums. org/international 10. 0 0. 6 8

The problem (table 2) Mexico’s “global” female labor force participation rate (12 -64 years) microdata 1990 2000 survey (ENEU): 34. 8% 43. 3% national census: 20. 6% 32. 9% 14. 2 10. 4 A solution Control for survey (ENEU) sampling frame: 16 cities in 1990 survey (16 cities): 34. 8% 41. 7% census (16 cities): 29. 0% 40. 2%* 5. 8 1. 5 www. ipums. org/international * includes responses to LFP questions 1 (“activity”) & 2 (“verification”). 9

Table 3. Urban Females, 1990 (aged 12 -64) Total Education Less than 6 years Completed primary Completed middle Post-middle (10+) Marital Status Married (all types) Not in union Structure Survey Census 62, 248 63, 929 FLFP Srvy 34. 8 Rates Cnss 29. 0 20. 1 21. 1 37. 9 42. 2 20. 9 34. 7 20. 4 23. 9 21. 7 34. 8 24. 3 19. 3 27. 6 31. 3 53. 1 48. 2 51. 8 50. 4 49. 6 27. 7 21. 3 41. 4 36. 9 www. ipums. org/international 10

Table 5. Females 2000: Urban (limited to same 16 cities as 1990) Total Education Less than 6 years Completed primary Completed middle Post-middle (10+) Marital Status Married (all forms) Not in union Structure FLFP Rates Survey Census Srvy Cnss 124, 051 1, 073, 222 41. 7 40. 2 14. 9 30. 8 28. 5 25. 8 15. 935. 3 28. 732. 1 19. 747. 0 36. 051. 1 51. 9 48. 1 52. 935. 1 34. 0 47. 148. 9 47. 3 www. ipums. org/international 31. 0 30. 1 41. 0 51. 9 11

Table 5. Logistic Regression: Source (Females 1990, 2000; same 16 cities as in ENEU 1990) Female labor force participation ENEU (indicator) vs. Census Variable B 1990: -. 2212 2000: . 0860 S. E. Wald df Sig R. 0135 267. 2291 1. 0000 -. 0412. 0067 163. 1781 1. 0000. 0100 Exp(B). 8015 1. 0898 Model source effect taking into account age, marital status and education. Interpretation If for both sources weights are considered correct and slight structural differences are taken into account: 1990 census under-reported 20% of FLFP. 2000 census “over-reports” FLFP by 9%. www. ipums. org/international 12

Today’s Presentation » 1. The project: IPUMS-International a. Preserving the world’s census microdata b. And making them usable » 2. The paper: Calibrating censusmicrodata a. Census vs. employment surveys b. Female labor force participation c. vs. ENEU (“national” urban survey): 1990 & 2000 d. vs. ENE (national survey): 2000 e. Conclusion www. ipums. org/international 13

Table 6 a. Females 2000: National Total Education Less than 6 years Completed primary Completed middle Post-middle (10+) Marital Status Married (all forms) Not in union Structure FLFP Rates Survey Census Srvy Cnss 212, 890 3, 431, 891 39. 8 32. 9 22. 0 38. 0 16. 5 23. 5 27. 630. 9 30. 036. 4 16. 841. 2 25. 652. 4 23. 3 25. 0 36. 8 49. 9 54. 7 54. 836. 3 27. 6 www. ipums. org/international 45. 3 45. 243. 9 39. 3 14

Table 6 b. Females 2000: National Limited to municipios in ENE Total Education Less than 6 years Completed primary Completed middle Post-middle (10+) Marital Status Married (all forms) Not in union Structure Survey Census 22. 0 38. 0 16. 5 23. 5 22. 330. 9 29. 636. 4 30. 841. 2 27. 352. 4 FLFP Rates Srvy Cnss 39. 8 35. 7 25. 4 26. 7 40. 5 55. 5 54. 7 54. 336. 3 30. 1 www. ipums. org/international 45. 3 45. 743. 9 42. 2 15

Postscript * * * * www. ipums. org/international 16

Fig 1. LFP by sex and marital status Mexico 1990 and 2000 (national figures) Females 1990 Males www. ipums. org/international 2000 17

Marriage and education strongly affect FLFP (Mexico 1990 and 2000, national figures) Not 1990 Married www. ipums. org/international 2000 18

Reflections Mexican census microdata may be more informative, than commonly thought—even about FLFP Mexican census microdata on FLFP display remarkable coherence in time and space “Chorus of calamity” on Mexican FLFP may overlook enormous changes in education weakening power of patriarchy over married women real advances of women in the workforce 2000 microdata tell the story Calibrate me! weigh strengths and weaknesses of sources. www. ipums. org/international 19

Thank you * * * * rmccaa@umn. edu www. ipums. org/international 20