IPM and Pesticides in Homes Gardens and Landscapes

IPM and Pesticides in Homes, Gardens, and Landscapes

Topics covered in this presentation • Quick overview of IPM • Types of pesticides and active ingredients • Pesticide toxicity and impacts • Less toxic and organic pesticides • Reading pesticide labels

What is Integrated Pest Management (IPM)? • IPM combines environmentally sound methods to prevent or manage pest problems over the long term and protect people, the environment and beneficial organisms. • Common methods include – resistant plants – encouragement of natural enemies – use of physical and mechanical controls and – good gardening practices – less toxic pesticides

What is a Pest?

Key IPM messages for home & garden • Most organisms in the garden and landscape are not pests • Identify your ‘pest’ before trying to manage it • Practice IPM -- rely on prevention, biological control, and integrating nonchemical methods • If pesticides are required, choose least toxic products

Practical IPM Methods Deny access to building with caulk Competitive plants üPrevention üPhysical/ mechanical üCultural practices üBiological control Least-toxic Natural enemies pesticides üChemical control, only if needed

What are Pesticides? • Substances that control, suppress, prevent or repel pests • May be used against all types of pests

Pesticide Types by Pest HERBICIDES WEEDS/PLANTS FUNGICIDES FUNGI/PLANT PATHOGENS INSECTICIDES INSECTS ACARICIDES or MITICIDES MITES RODENTICIDES RODENTS MOLLUSCICIDES SLUGS and SNAILS 8

Pesticide types by pest Examples: • Glyphosate • 2, 4 -D • Benefin • Trifluralin WEEDS HERBICIDES Examples: • Sulfur • Copper • Chlorothalonil • Oils • Soaps FUNGI/PLANT PATHOGENS FUNGICIDES

Pesticide types by pest INSECTS INSECTICIDES Examples: • Imidacloprid • Carbaryl • Malathion • Pyrethrin • Permethrin • Bifenthrin • Oils • Soaps Examples: • Oils • Soaps • Some insecticides control mites MITES ACARICIDES or MITICIDES

Pesticide types by pest Examples: • Warfarin • Diphacinone • Chlorophacinone • Zinc phosphide VERTEBRATE PESTS RODENTICIDES Examples: • Metaldehyde • Iron phosphate • Sodium ferric EDTA SLUGS AND SNAILS MOLLUSCICIDES

Pesticide Selectivity—can help protect the environment, people and nontarget plants • A broad-spectrum pesticide kills a wide range of organisms Bifenthrin kills all types of insects including ants, grubs, aphids, caterpillars, bees, as well as fish and nontargets. • A selective pesticide kills only organisms in a related group. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt. k) kills only caterpillars feeding on leaves or buds of sprayed plants. Beneficials, bees and wildlife not affected.

Pesticide Selectivity– Herbicides Selective FLUAZIFOP: Kills grasses but not broadleaves Non-Selective 2, 4 -D, MCPP: Kill broadleaves not grass Glyphosate: Kills broadleaves AND grasses

Contact (nonsystemic) vs Systemic Insecticides Example: Most insecticides Example: Imidacloprid

Contact vs. Systemic Herbicides (postemergent only) Contact examples: pelargonic acid, Clove oil (Burnout) Systemic examples: Glyphosate (Roundup), 2 -4 -D, fluazifop

Registrations and terminology • Most pesticides are registered by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and in California, by the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR). • Some food or natural oil products are exempt from registration (FIFRA“ 25 b” products). They don’t have EPA registration numbers.

Plant essential oils and other exempt or “ 25 b” products • Most are derived from food plants • Considered nontoxic to people • Don’t require federal or state registration • Can be effective on soft-bodied insects and mites. Some have fungicidal activity • Act as other oils do, but may also have other modes of action • Some act as repellents • Very short residual • Examples – Cinnamon – Citric acid – Citronella – Clove – Cottonseed – Garlic – Lemongrass – Mint – Peppermint – Rosemary – Sesame – Thyme

What is “Organic” and “Less Toxic”? • Organically acceptable pesticides are derived from natural products such as plants or minerals (including some petroleum oils), are not chemically processed. Some but not all have the OMRI logo. • OMRI is an independent nonprofit that verifies organic input products that are used to produce organic food and fibers. • USDA operates the National Organic Program which regulates and certifies commercial growers, producers, and products as organic. • Less Toxic Pesticides: (not an official term)— have less negative impact on people and nontargets Organic does not always mean less-toxic

What are some organic and less toxic insecticides? • Pesticidal soaps • Certain petroleum oils • Plant based oils such as neem and others • Microbials such as Bacillus thurengiensis (Bt) For aphids, whiteflies and other soft bodied insects B. t. k--For caterpillars; B. t. i--mosquitoes

BT and other microbial insecticides are derived from insect pathogens Bacillus thurengiensis ssp kurstaki • For control of leaf or bud-feeding caterpillars (Lepidoptera only) • Caterpillar must eat material–excellent coverage essential • Small caterpillars most effectively controlled • Breaks down rapidly. May need to reapply • Non toxic to beneficials, humans and wildlife Another microbial, Cydia pomonella granulovirus (sold as Cyd-X), is a viral disease of codling moth

Other lower toxicity insecticides • Spinosad– chewing insects and thrips. A natural fermentation product. • Botanical or plant-derived insecticides— pyrethrin/pyrethrum and azadirachtin (neem extract) • Boric acid or borate for ant control. • All these materials are generally organically acceptable, breakdown rapidly in the environment and have less impact on beneficials, people and wildlife than conventional insecticides.

Common home use insecticide products NOT qualifying as less toxic • Organophosphates (malathion, acephate, disulfoton) • Carbamates (Carbaryl-- Sevin) • Pyrethroids (bifenthrin, permethrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin) • Neonictotinoids (imidacloprid, dinotefuran, others)

Ant baits: borate-based products, fipronil, hydromethylnon, sulfluramid Only borate products are organic/less toxic Bait stations reduce risks of more toxic a. i. s 1% liquid borate bait in refillable dispensers best for tough ant problems Ant management requires an integrated program including sealing up entryways and removing food sources 23

Iron phosphate snail & slug bait • Breaks down into harmless materials • Nontoxic to pets, humans and wildlife • Avoid metaldehyde to protect pets, people & the environment Some products now adding spinosad for earwigs New on market in 2013 are products containing sodium ferric (iron) EDTA, not considered organic, but is less toxic 24

Herbicides Used in Organic Systems • Plant-based oils (clove, eugenol, lemongrass, rosemary) • Pelargonic acid • Herbicidal soap • 20% Vinegar/Acetic Acid (Weed Pharm) • These products are effective only on young plants, primarily broadleaves. • Not effective on perennials or plants with substantial roots • Nonselective—can damage desirable plants • Useful for cracks and crevices, edges. • Acetic acid can be dangerous Corn gluten meal: used as preemergent—UC research does not back up efficacy 25

Fungicides: powdery mildew & other foliar diseases • Sulfur formulated with soap (NOT DUST) • Biologicals: Bacillus subtilis • Neem and other oils* • Potassium bicarbonate Copper fungicides are organic; used primarily in the dormant season *Oils are the most effective against foliar diseases and are the only ones that have eradicant activity. 26

Pesticide information on UC IPM web site

Find information on toxicity in the UC IPM Pest Notes

‘Compare Risks’ buttons on most online Pest Notes

Read the Pesticide Label!! Ø Product and brand identification Ø Active ingredients Ø Directions for use Ø Precautionary statements Ø Hazards to Humans, Domestic animals and the Environment Ø First aid instructions Ø Note to physicians Ø Storage and Disposal

Don’t confuse the trade name and the active ingredient name Look closely for • Active ingredients • Signal word • EPA registration number

Signal Words indicate acute toxicity Approx Human lethal dosage SIGNAL WORD Toxicity DANGERPOISON Highly toxic Drop to a teaspoon DANGER Highly hazardous Pesticide-specific WARNING Moderately toxic 1 teaspoon-1 oz CAUTION Low toxicity 1 oz to relatively nontoxic

Pesticide Toxicity • TOXICITY is the ability of a pesticide to injure a living organism. • ALL pesticides are toxic to some organisms. • DOSE: More toxic pesticides cause harm at lower doses than less toxic pesticides.

Directions for use • How to mix up product (if applicable) • What plants or sites you can use it on • What pests it controls • Special restrictions

Sources of Pesticide Environmental and Health Impact Information on the Web • National Pesticide Information Center: http: //npic. orst. edu • UC IPM Web site, pesticide active ingredients database: http: //www. ipm. ucanr. edu • Pesticide Action Pesticide Database: http: //www. pesticideinfo. org/ For information on how to manage specific home and garden pests, visit the UC IPM Web site: www. ipm. ucanr. edu/homegarden