IP addresses and address management Miwa Fujii APNIC

IP addresses and address management Miwa Fujii APNIC, Training Officer

Contents • Introduction to IP addressing – IP addresses – Routing • IP address management – History of address management – The role of RIRs – About RIPE NCC and APNIC • The future – IPv 6

What is an IP Address?

“On the Internet, nobody knows you’re a dog…” by Peter Steiner, from The New Yorker, (Vol. 69 (LXIX) no. 20)

“On the Internet…” you are nothing but an IP address! www. redhat. com 66. 187. 232. 50 www. google. com 216. 239. 99 www. apnic. net 202. 12. 29. 20 www. ietf. org 4. 17. 168. 6 www. ebay. com 66. 135. 208. 101 202. 12. 29. 142 www. ebay. com 66. 135. 208. 88 www. doggie. com 198. 41. 3. 45 www. dogs. biz 209. 217. 36. 32 www. gnso. org 199. 166. 24. 5

What is an IP address? • An IP address is NOT a domain name • It is an identifier that includes necessary information to reach a network location • Each network location has an IP address • Reaching a location is achieved via the Internet routing system

IP addresses • Are either IPv 4 or IPv 6 • IPv 4: 32 -bit* number – 4 billion different host addresses – E. g. 202. 12. 29. 142 • IPv 6: 128 -bit* number – 16 billion network addresses – E. g. 2001: 0400: 3 c 00: a: b: c: d: 1 * bit = binary digit

IP addresses are not domain names The Internet DNS 195. 158. 5. 100 www. gov. uz ? 2001: 0600: : 2001: 0 C 00: 8888: : My Computer 2001: 0600: : www. gov. uz

What else is an IP address? • Internet infrastructure address • Uniquely assigned to infrastructure elements • Globally visible to the entire Internet • A finite “common resource” • Never “owned” by address users • Not dependent upon the DNS

Where do IP addresses come from? IPv 4 IPv 6 Allocation * Assignment end user * In some cases via an NIR such as KRNIC

Routing

What is a router? • A device in the network that processes and routes data between two points • A device that routes data between networks using IP addressing • A layer 3 device • Hardware or software used to connect two or more networks

How does routing work? • The routing system is normally hierarchical • Each part of the hierarchy provides specific detail • This detail enables traffic to flow from one network to another • It works in a similar manner to telephone routing

Telephone network routing Global Prefix table +1 +44 +61 +886 +91 … National Prefix table 2 3 7 … Prefix table … Local

Internet address routing The Internet Global Routing Table 4. 128/9 60. 100/16 60. 100. 0/20 135. 22/16 … 202. 12. 24. 0/21 … Announce 202. 12. 24. 0/21 Traffic 202. 12. 29. 142 202. 12. 29. 128/25

Internet address routing Traffic 202. 12. 29. 142 Local Routing Table 202. 12. 29. 0/25 202. 12. 29. 128/25 202. 12. 29. 142

Global Internet routing Global routing table The Internet 4. 128/9 60. 100/16 60. 100. 0/20 135. 22/16 … Net Net Net

IP address aggregation No Aggregation ISP A ISP B Internet (21 routes) ISP D ISP C (Portable Assignments) (4 routes) ISP D ISP C (Non-portable Assignments)

Regional Internet Registries

What are RIRs? • Industry self-regulatory structures – – – Open membership-based bodies Representative of ISPs globally Service organisations Non-profit, neutral and independent 100% self-funded by membership • First established in early 1990 s – Voluntarily by consensus of community – To satisfy emerging technical/admin needs • In the “Internet Tradition” – Consensus-based, open and transparent

The early years: 1981 – 1992 1981: “The assignment of numbers is also handled by Jon. If you are developing a protocol or application that will require the use of a link, socket, port, protocol, or network number please contact Jon to receive a number assignment. ” (RFC 790)

The boom years: 1992 – 2001 1992: “It has become clear that … these problems are likely to become critical within the next one to three years. ” (RFC 1366) “…it is [now] desirable to consider delegating the registration function to an organization in each of those geographic areas. ” (RFC 1338)

Recent years: 2002 – 2005 2004: Number Resource Organization

What do RIRs do? • Internet resource allocation – Primarily, IP addresses – IPv 4 and IPv 6 – Receive resources from IANA/ICANN, and redistribute to ISPs on a regional basis – Registration services (“whois”) • Policy development and coordination – Open Policy Meetings and processes • Training and outreach – Training courses, seminars, conferences – Liaison: IETF, ITU, APT, PITA, APEC • Publications – Newsletters, reports, web site

RIR policy development process Need Anyone can participate OPEN Evaluate ‘BOTTOM UP’ Implement Internet community proposes and approves policy Discuss TRANSPARENT Consensus All decisions and policies documented and freely available to anyone

What is APNIC? • RIR for Asia Pacific region – Established 1993, Tokyo – 1472 members in 49 of 62 AP economies – 52 staff, 19 nationality/language groups • Membership and community services • Other activities – – – Outreach Liaison: IETF, APT, PITA, APEC, ISP-A’s ITU Sector Member UN ECOSOC consultative status Deployment of root servers • www. apnic. net

APNIC services • Internet resource allocations – “My. APNIC” secure membership portal – Multilingual helpdesk – email, phone, chat, VOIP* • Open Policy Meetings – Twice annually – Webcast and remote participation – Stenocaptioning • Training and education – Technical workshops: Routing, DNS, Security • Internet support – Fellowships – R&D grants funding – ORDIG – ISP support website

What is RIPE NCC? • RIR for Europe and the Middle East – Established 1992, Amsterdam – More than 5000 members from throughout Europe and the Middle East – Around 100 staff, from a broad range of nationality/language groups • Membership and community services • Other activities – – – Outreach with governments and industry-related organisations Management of one of the 13 root name servers (K-root) Deployment of a routing database Co-ordination support for ENUM delegations Neutral measuring network, providing public and authoritative Internet operation statistics • www. ripe. net

RIPE NCC services • Internet resource allocations – Secure LIR portal • RIPE meetings – Twice annually – Webcast and remote participation – Regional meetings • Training and education, including E-Learning – Technical training on Routing Registry and DNS for LIRs • Internet support

RIR Open Policy Meetings

APNIC 24 – New Delhi, India

APNIC 25 - Taipei, Taiwan Taipei With APRICOT 2008 – http: //www. apricot 2008. net – 25 - 29 February 2008

RIPE 55 - Amsterdam

RIPE NCC Regional Meetings Moscow, Russia • Moscow, Russia 2 – 3 October 2007

The future: IPv 6

IPv 4 lifetime - UPDATE A N IA c o l l a ns o i at ll a RIR o t ca s n io d e t ou s res d d A r s e Reclamation? Historical Data Projection http: //bgp. potaroo. net/ipv 4

Rationale for IPv 6 • IPv 4 address space consumption – Now 3 -5 years space remaining – These are today’s projections – reality will definitely be different • Alternative solutions examined - Recover unused historical IPv 4 address space – – De-aggregation Would only extend IPv 4 lifetime a few years Legal ramifications Ability to recover is limited under current policies - Use of Network Address Translator (NAT) – Originally designed to extend life of IPv 4 – Cannot cater for large networks – Road blocks: Peer to peer, security (IPsec), Qo. S ( Vo. IP and real time video)

Questions? ncc@ripe. net helpdesk@apnic. net