Invitation To Psychology Carol Wade and Carol Tavris

Invitation To Psychology Carol Wade and Carol Tavris Power. Point Presentation by H. Lynn Bradman Metropolitan Community College-Omaha Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 1

The Major Motives of Life: Love, Sex, Food, and Work Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 2

The Major Motives of Life: Love, Sex, Food, and Work • • The Social Animal: Motives for Love The Erotic Animal: Motives for Sex The Hungry Animal: Motives for Food The Competent Animal: Motives to Achieve • When Motives Conflict © 2002 Prentice Hall

Motivation • An inferred process within a person or animal that causes movement either toward a goal or away from an unpleasant situation. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 4

The Social Animal: Motives for Love • The Varieties of Love • Gender, Culture, and Love Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 5

The Six Styles of Love • Eros – Romantic, passionate love • Ludus – Game-playing love • Storge – Affectionate, friendly love • Pragma – Logical, pragmatic love • Mania – Possessive, dependent, “crazy” love • Agape – Unselfish love Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 6

Triangle Theory of Love • Varieties of love occur because of differing combinations of three elements • Examples: Commitment – Liking: Intimacy alone – Companionate love: Intimacy + Commitment – Romantic love: Intimacy + Passion Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall Intimacy Passion 7

The Erotic Animal: Motives for Sex • • The The Biology of Desire Psychology of Desire Culture of Desire Riddle of Sexual Orientation Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 8

The Biology of Desire • Hormones and Sexual Response • Arousal and Orgasm • The Evolutionary View Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 9

Attitudes Toward Chastity Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 10

The Psychology of Desire • Many Motives for Sex – Enhancement – Intimacy – Coping – Self-Affirmation – Partner Approval – Peer Approval Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11

The Culture of Desire • Sexual Scripts: – Sets of implicit rules that specify proper sexual behavior for a person in a given situation, varying with the person’s age, culture, and gender. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 12

The Riddle of Sexual Orientation • Psychological Versus Biological Explanations • Homosexuality and Politics Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 13

The Hungry Animal: Motives for Food • The Genetics of Weight • Culture, Psychology, and Weight • Weight and Health: Biology Versus Culture Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 14

The Genetics of Weight • Heaviness is not always caused by overeating. • Set Point: – The genetically influenced weight range for an individual, maintained by biological mechanisms that regulate food intake, fat reserves, and metabolism. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 15

Culture, Psychology, and Weight • Diet and Exercise • Cultural Attitudes Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 16

Weight and Health: Biology Versus Culture • Bulimia: – An eating disorder characterized by episodes of excessive eating (binges) followed by forced vomiting or use of laxatives (purging). • Anorexia Nervosa: – An eating disorder characterized by fear of being fat, a distorted body image, radically reduced consumption of food, and emaciation. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 17

The Competent Animal: Motives to Achieve • Goals and Aspirations • The Effects of Motivation on Work • The Effects of Work on Motivation Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 18

Goals and Aspirations • Goals improve motivation when: – The goal is specific – The goal is challenging but achievable – The goal is framed in terms of getting what is wanted rather than avoiding what is not wanted Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 19

Types of Goals • Performance Goals: – Goals framed in terms of performing well in front of others, being judged favorably, and avoiding criticism. • Mastery (Learning) Goals: – Goals framed in terms of increasing one’s competence and skills. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 20

Mastery and Motivation • Children praised for being smart tend to lose the pleasure of learning and focus on how well they are doing. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 21

The Effects of Motivation on Work • Self-Efficacy: – A person’s belief that he or she is capable of producing desired results, such as mastering new skills and reaching goals. • Need for Achievement: – A learned motive to meet personal standards of success and excellence in a chosen area. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 22

Effects of Work on Motivation • Working conditions that increase job involvement, motivation, and satisfaction: – – – Work provides a sense of meaningfulness Employees have control over part of work Tasks are varied Company maintains clear and consistent rules Employees have supportive relationships with superiors and co-workers – Employees receive useful feedback – Company offers opportunities for growth Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 23

When Motives Conflict Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 24

Motivational Conflicts • Approach-Approach Conflict: – Equally attracted to two activities or goals. • Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict: – Choosing between the “lesser of the evils. ” • Approach-Avoidance Conflict: – One activity or goal has both positive and negative elements. • Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflicts: – Several choices, each with advantages and disadvantages. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 25

Maslow's Pyramid of Needs • Needs arranged in a hierarchy • Low-level needs must be meet before trying to satisfy higher-level needs • Esteem: Status, respect, power • Self-actualization: Fulfill one’s potential Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 26