Introductory Questions Chapter 1 The Science of Biology

Introductory Questions Chapter 1 “The Science of Biology”

Chapter 1: The Science of Biology 1 -1 What is Science? 1 -2 How Scientists Work? 1 -3 Studying Life 1 -4 Tools and Procedures

Tonight’s Homework (Tues. 8/30) Cover Textbook (Fri. check) - 2 pts ¡ Register yourself on Textbook site ¡ l Use the Handout and go to: ¡ www. pearsonsuccessnet. com Read Chapter 1 (sect. 1 -1) ¡ Do the “Section Assessment Questions” #1 -6 on pg. 7 ¡

Introductory Questions Set #1 ¡ ¡ ¡ What is the goal of science? (see pg. 3) How is an observation different from and inference? A proposed scientific explanation for a set of observations using prior knowledge is called a(n) _______. Why are collaborative groups typically used to solve complex problems? (pg. 5) True or False: Biological science is basically a set of truths that never change. Briefly explain your response.

1 -1 What is Science? ¡ Goal of Science – to understand, explain and make predictions _________________ about the natural world ¡ l Science is unique because: natural world It deals only with the _________ ¡ ¡ Scientists collect and organize information looking for ______________between patterns and connections events explanations that can Scientists propose _______ be tested by examining _________ evidence

What is Science? ¡ ¡ Science is a _______ way of knowing body of knowledge and the _______that results from the scientific process Science is ever changing l New technology and discoveries knowledge ¡ lead to new ________ rejection ¡ ______ of old knowledge l Scientists need to be skeptical, open-minded, creative, logical

With the scientific method, we pose and test hypotheses Observation • The main steps of the scientific method Question Hypothesis Prediction Test does not support hypothesis; revise hypothesis or pose new one Figure 1. 3 A Test: Experiment or additional observation Test supports hypothesis; make additional predictions and test them

Scientific Method ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ Observations Ask Questions Form a Hypothesis (make predictions) Test these predictions w/Experimentation Interpret Results Draw conclusions (accept or reject hypothesis) Repeat Experiment to increase validity

Sampling Error

Science is a way of knowing Thinking like a Scientist ¡ Observation: using one or more senses ______ (sight, hearing, taste, smell, touch) to gather ______ data l Data – the _____ information gathered from observations descriptive ¡ qualitative – _______ ex. color, texture, smell, taste involves numbers ¡ quantitative – ______ ex. amount, size, volume, time

Science is a way of knowing Thinking like a Scientist ¡ _______: using data to make logical Inference conclusions based on prior knowledge and experience. ¡ Samples taken from difference parts of a reservoir were safe and uncontaminated ________________ the water in the reservoir is safe to drink ¡ The animal in that tree has wings that animal can fly

Tonight’s Homework (Wed. 8/31) Cover Textbook (Fri. check) - 2 pts ¡ Register yourself on Textbook site ¡ l Use the Handout and go to: ¡ www. pearsonsuccessnet. com Read Chapter 1 (sect. 1 -2) ¡ Do the “Section Assessment Questions” #1 -5 on pg. 15 ¡

Introductory Questions Set #2 1. True or False: The study of Biology started fairly recently. 2. How is Aristole’s views different than today’s? 3. At one time people believed that living things could suddenly appear? Name three pieces of evidence that led people to think this. (pg. 8) 4. Life that arises from non-living matter was referred to as ___________. 5. If I wanted to test a hypothesis, what do I have to do? 6. True or False: When you test a hypothesis you should change only one variable at a time leaving all the others unchanged (controlled).

Introductory Questions Set #3 1. 2. 3. 4. A scientist, Redi, designed an experiment with meat, flies, guaze, and a jar. What was he trying to determine? What was his hypothesis? What was the only variable he manipulated? Name the twp people that repeated Redi’s experiment. How were these experiments different? What was concluded? (see pg. 11) Why did Louis Pasteur use a flask with a long curved neck in his experiment? What did Pasteur determine regarding spontaneous generation? (see pg. 13) Pasteur showed that all living things come from other __________.

Observation Activity Write down observations of the object in front of you using any available materials on the cart. ¡ Try to come up with at least ¡ - 3 Quantitative observations - 3 Qualitative observations ¡ Can you make any inferences about the object in front of you?

Science is a way of knowing Explaining and interpreting evidence ¡ Hypothesis: l possible explanation for observations or an educated guess preliminary explanation _________to a question prior knowledge l Developed from _______, Informed logical inferences, ______ imagination _________

Science is a way of knowing Explaining and interpreting evidence ¡ Hypothesis l Must be testable via experimentation ________ observation ¡ ________ compiling more data ¡ ________ ¡ l Conclusions _____ hypothesis (accept) support ¡ partly true but needs more data reject ¡ refute hypothesis (_______) ¡

1 -2 How Scientists Work ¡ Testing Hypotheses Scientists test hypotheses through ___________or the experimentation, observation compiling of data that already exists l l l Scientific method The _________ is used with variations based on which type of test is being done. We will go through the steps of a controlled _____ experiment

1 -2 How Scientists Work ¡ Designing an Experiment l Asking a Question Observations ________ of the natural world lead to questions Where do maggots come from? ¡ Ex. Redi: ______________ ¡ l Forming a Hypothesis Testable proposed explanation A ______________for a question or phenomenon Maggots come from flies laying ¡ Ex. Redi: ______________ small eggs ________ ¡

Section 1 -2 Redi’s Experiment on Spontaneous Generation OBSERVATIONS: Flies land on meat that is left uncovered. Later, maggots appear on the meat. HYPOTHESIS: Flies produce maggots. PROCEDURE CONTROLLED VARIABLES: jars, type of meat, location, temperature, time Uncovered jars Covered jars Several days pass INDEPENDENT VARIABLES Manipulated: gauze covering that keeps flies away from meat DEPENDENT VARIABLE Responding: whether maggots Maggots appear No maggots appear CONCLUSION: Maggots form only when flies come in contact with meat. Spontaneous generation of maggots did not occur.

1 -2 How Scientists Work (pgs. 10 -11) Redi’s Expt: Maggots form only when flies come in contact with meat. (no maggots in the jar covered with gauze) ¡ Spontaneous generation was shown to possibly be not occurring. ¡ Needham followed up Redi’s Experiment. ¡

Needham’s Experiment (see pg. 11) He thought spontaneous generation does occur and tested his claims. ¡ “animalcules” were used (Leeuwenhoek) ¡ Gravy was heated in a sealed bottle. ¡ Assumed: heat killed anything living in it ¡ He found these little animals swarming inside days later. Conclusion: life emerged from the gravy supporting the idea of spontaneous generation. ¡ This finding was challenged by Spallanzani who thought Needham didn’t heat the samples long enough. ¡

Spallanzani’s Experiment

Spallanzani’s Experiment (pg. 11) See figure on pg. 11 ¡ He sealed one jar and left another one open. ¡ The open jar was teaming with micoorganisms while the sealed jar had nothing living in it. ¡ Conclusion: non-living gravy did not produce living things (spontaneous generation was not supported) ¡

Pasteur’s Experiment Broth is boiled. Broth is free of microorganisms for a year. Curved neck is removed. Broth is teeming with microorganisms.

Introductory Questions Set #3 1. 2. 3. 4. A scientist, Redi, designed an experiment with meat, flies, guaze, and a jar. What was he trying to determine? What was his hypothesis? What was the only variable he manipulated? Name the twp people that repeated Redi’s experiment. How were these experiments different? What was concluded? (see pg. 11) Why did Louis Pasteur use a flask with a long curved neck in his experiment? What did Pasteur determine regarding spontaneous generation? (see pg. 13) Pasteur showed that all living things come from other __________.

• Examine the Historical Timeline of Major Scientific Discoveries on Pgs. 12 & 13 • Match each person with their discovery. Published “On Origin of Species” in 1859 Described how blood circulates. Developed the first vaccine against Anthrax. Published the 1 st accurate details of the Human body. Determined the structure of DNA. Designed the 1 st microscope and observes cells. A. Vesalius B. Pasteur C. Watson & Crick D. Darwin E. Leeuwenhoek F. Harvey

Tonight’s Homework (Tues. 9/6) ¡ ¡ Read Pgs. 16 -22 (section 1 -3) “Studying Life” Do the Section Assessment Quest. #1 -6

Introductory Questions Set #4 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. When doing Experiments, why do scientists have to consider Ethical issues? (see pg. 14) In science how do we describe or define a theory? What would be a higher standard than a theory? (see pg. 15) Make a list of key BOLD terms that are mentioned in Section 1 -3 (Pgs. 16 -22) hint; there eight terms you should write. What does “bio” and “ology” mean? Name THREE things that all living things have in common. (see list on pg. 16) Give three differences between sexual and asexual reproduction.

With the scientific method, we pose and test hypotheses ¡ Observation The main steps of the scientific method Question Hypothesis Prediction Test does not support hypothesis; revise hypothesis or pose new one Figure 1. 3 A Test: Experiment or additional observation Test supports hypothesis; make additional predictions and test them

Designing an Experiment ¡ Setting up a Controlled Experiment l A good experiment ¡ repeatable ¡ tests one dependent variable at a time large ¡ _____ sample size ¡ measurable _____ data or defined _____qualitative data

Designing an Experiment ¡ Testing Something that can be variables different/varied l Control _____ – the variables that are kept the same manipulated l Independent (_____) – the changed on purpose variable that is _______ to test a result l Dependent (responding) – the in response variable that Changes ______. The variable that is being _____. tested

Designing an Experiment ¡ Recording Data l l ¡ _______ Data Tables are used to record and organize data Computers or laboratory notebooks are used to keep data ______ Analyzing results statistics, Results are analyzed using ______ graphs and charts _________ Bar ¡ ____ Graph – compares data sets Line ¡ ____ Graph – shows trends l

Designing an Experiment l l Drawing Conclusions ¡ Accept or reject ________ Hypothesis ¡ Infer information based on results Publishing Results ¡ Peer Review _______ allows for other scientists to l l l repeat ______ experiments or test hypothesis in different ways ¡ Needham, Spallanzani and Pasteur determine whether the experiment was done properly ___________ share _______ information with others

Development of a Theory ¡ Theory: explanation A well tested ______ for natural events hypothesis or group of l A well tested __________ hypotheses _______ that are supported and widely accepted may become a theory Theory of Biogenesis l The __________ developed from scientists attempting to test the idea of spontaneous generation l

Development of a Theory ¡ Some major theories in Science l l Cell Theory, Evolution, Germ Theory of Disease, Plate Tectonics, The Big Bang explain These theories are the way we _____ different aspects of Science truth/fact As new No theory is absolute ________. evidence arises theories can shift to account for new knowledge. Earth centered solar Ptolemaic Model (________ system) vs. Copernican Model (______ sun centered solar system)

Review Section of 1 -3 Section 1 -3: Characteristicsof of Living Things Characteristics Things Characteristic Examples Living things are made up of units called cells. Living things reproduce. Living things obtain and use materials and energy. Many microorganisms consist of only a single cell. Animals and trees are multicellular. Maple trees reproduce sexually. A hydra can reproduce asexually by budding. Flies produce flies. Dogs produce dogs. Seeds from maple trees produce maple trees. Flies begin life as eggs, then become maggots, and then become adult flies. Plants obtain their energy from sunlight. Animals obtain their energy from the food they eat. Living things respond to their environment. Birds migrate in response to changes in weather. Living things maintain a stable internal environment (homeostasis). Despite changes in the temperature of the environment, a robin maintains a constant body temperature. Taken as a group, living things change over time. Plants that live in the desert survive because they have become adapted to the conditions of the desert. Living things are based on a universal genetic code. Living things grow and develop.

Reproduction ¡ Asexual Reproduction l l l ¡ Single parent Genetic clones are produced Typically observed in unicellular organisms (Bacteria) Sexual Reproduction l l l Exchange of genetic information Variations of the parents are produced Allows for future adaptations

Homework (Wed. 9/7) ¡ ¡ Read Pgs. 24 -28 (section 1 -4) “Tools & Procedures” Do the Section Assessment Quest. #1 -5

Introductory Questions Set #5 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The combination of all the chemical reactions in an organism is process called ____. (see pg. 18) How is an organism able to respond to its environment? Why is this an important characteristic for life? See (pg. 19) Organisms can keep their internal conditions such as temperature stable by a process known as _____. How would you define the process evolution? Which level of organization is missing? Community-Population- ______ - Tissues- Cells (se Fig. 1 -21 on pg. 21)

Key Terms from Sect. 1 -3 Cell ¡ Sexual Reproduction ¡ Asexual reproduction ¡ Genetic Code (DNA) ¡ Homeostasis ¡ Metabolism ¡ Stimulus ¡ Evolution ¡

Review continued: Levels of Organization Section 1 -3 Figure 1 -21 Levels of Organization Biosphere The part of Earth that contains all ecosystems Biosphere Ecosystem Community and its nonliving surroundings biotic/abiotic Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass, stream, rocks, air Community Populations that live together in a defined area Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass Population Group of organisms of one type that live in the same area Bison herd

Section 1 -3 Levels of Organization continued Organism Individual living thing Bison Tissues, organs, Groups of and organ systems Cells Brain Nervous tissue Cells Nervous system Smallest functional unit of life Nerve cell Groups of atoms; smallest unit of Molecules most chemical compounds Water DNA

Hierarchical Levels of Organization (reductionism) – pg. 4 -5 ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ Atom Molecules Macromolecules Organelles Cells Tissue Organs Organ Systems Organism Population Community Ecosystem Biomes Biosphere http: //micro. magnet. fsu. edu/primer/java/scienceopticsu/p owersof 10/ (Powers of ten video)

Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life (pgs. 20 & Ch. 15) Charles Darwin is a central figure in biology ¡ He synthesized theory of evolution by natural selection ¡ l ¡ A theory in science is a comprehensive idea with broad explanatory power Evolution is the core theme of biology Figure 1. 6 A

¡ The theory of natural selection explains the main mechanism whereby all species of organisms change, or evolve (1) Population with varied inherited traits (2) Elimination of individuals with certain traits Figure 1. 6 B (3) Reproduction of survivors

Ex. Mushroom, yeast, athletes foot 5 Kingdoms Ex. Human, cat, horse • Multicellular • Can not move • Cannot make own food • Multicellular • Can move • Cannot make own food Ex. Carrot, Tree, Rose • Multicellular • Can not move • Makes own food Ex. Ameoba, Algae • Unicellular • Some can move • Some make own food Ex. Bacteria (Prokaryote • Unicellular • Some can move • Some make own food

1 -4 Tools and Procedures ¡ The Metric System l l In everyday life you may use the Standard system ¡ inches, pounds, feet , miles ¡ this system is not standardized and is difficult to work with metric In Science the _______ is used (aka: SI, International System of Units) ¡ _____ system where units are scaled by Decimal factors of _____ 10 ¡ a factor of 10 is one decimal place

The Metric System Appropriate Tool ruler balance graduated cylinder thermometer

The Metric System ** as the units get smaller the number gets bigger** 80, 000 cm 6 kg 6, 000 mg 800, 000 µm

Tools and Procedures ¡ Analyzing Biological Data l l organizes Data Table: ______ data Graph: displays _____ data Makes patterns easier to recognize ¡ Makes it easier to compare data sets ¡

dependent variables (y axis) independent variable (x axis) Time Absorbed by Roots (g/h) Released by Leaves (g/h) 8 AM 10 AM 12 PM 4 PM 6 PM 8 PM 1 1 4 6 9 14 10 2 5 12 17 16 10 3 Relative Rates (g/h) Water Released and Absorbed by Tree 20 Water released by leaves 15 10 5 Water absorbed by roots 0 8 AM 10 AM 12 PM 4 PM 6 PM 8 PM Time Practice reading graphs and data tables: 1. According to the data table, what time of day do leaves release the most water? The least amount of water? 2. According to the graph, what time is the amount of water released by leaves equal to the water absorbed by roots? 3. Do roots absorb more water during the morning or evening? Give a logical explanation as to why this is the case.

Homework On Pg. 31 Quest. #1 -10 ¡ Also Do Quest. #15, 21, 23, 24 ¡ On Pg. 33 Quest. #1 -6 ¡ Test #1 Chapter 1 Wed. 9/14

l Microscopes: magnify structures too small to see with the naked eye ¡ Microscopes ¡ _______ light _______ electron Light Microscope Electron Microscope Focus Light and 2 Lenses Beams of Electrons Magnification 1, 000 X Object Size . 2 micrometer (µm) or larger cells and tiny organisms . 2 µm or smaller Unique Characteristics Uses chemical stains to show structures of organisms Light allows you to observe the object unchanged as well Specimens must be dead because they are dehydrated and place in a vacuum SEM- whole specimen, 3 D of outside TEM-thin section Types Compound Light Microscopes SEM – Scanning Electron Microscope TEM – Transmission Electron Microscope

Biological Size and Cell Diversity (Pg. 95) Human Eye: 1 mm - meter+ LM: 1 m – 1 mm EM: 1 nm – 1 mm Chicken Egg (lgst cell) Mitochondria (1 m) Ribosomes (20 -30 nm) Viruses (80 -100 nm)

Microscopes provide windows to the world of the cell ¡ The light microscope enables us to see the overall shape and structure of a cell Image seen by viewer Eyepiece Ocular lens Objective lens Specimen Condenser lens Light source Figure 4. 1 A

Compound Light – chloroplasts in mesophyll cells

¡ Scanning electron microscope (SEM) SEM of cilia View SEM Images: http: //micro. magnet. fsu. edu/prim er/java/electronmicroscopy/mag nify 1/index. html Figure 4. 1 B

SEM: Nerve axon terminal with vesicles exposed.

TEM: Myelinated axon

¡ Transmission electron microscope (TEM) • Transmission electron micrograph of cilia Figure 4. 1 C http: //www. lifesci. sussex. ac. uk/home/Julian_Thorpe/TEM 3. htm

Cell Fractionation Physically separates and purifies cell parts ¡ Spun in a centrifuge (up to 500, 000 rpm) ¡ Two fractions: supernatant & pellet ¡ Differential: successively at higher speeds ¡ Density gradient: forms bands in tube according to density differences of organelles ¡

Cell Fractionation-Pg 97

Hot Water Experiment (wrap-up) Variables are clearly define ¡ At least 2 -3 Observations are written ¡ Hypothesis written ¡ Data Table completely filled out ¡ Graph drawn with Title, labeled axis, and colored legend (ex. blue and red) ¡ Data Analysis describe the trend you se on the graph ¡ Conclusion Questions: #1 -3 ¡

End of Chapter Review Questions Pg. 31 - Key ¡ Multiple Choice Questions 1. C 6. B 2. 3. 4. 5. A B C A 7. B 8. D 9. D 10. A Understanding Concepts: #15. It allows researchers to observe one factor at a time that affect the experiment. #21. They share all eight characteristics listed on pg. 16. Unicellular is an organism made of only one cell vs. Multicellular have many cells. #23. External stimuli (light, sound) come from the environment outside of the organism vs. internal stimuli that come from within such as hunger or thirst. #24. Graphs provide an illustrative look at the data so patterns and trends can be easily identified and understood. ¡

Multiple Choice Questions #1 -6 (Pg. 33) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. D A E B B E More Practice at this website: http: //phschool. com/webcodes 10/index. cfm? area=view&wcp refix=cbk&wcsuffix=9999

Assignment Packet Chapter 1 ¡ ¡ Cover Sheet (Chapter 1 Name, Period, Date) Black Box Experiment Hot Water Experiment Textbook Hmwk: l l ¡ ¡ ¡ l ¡ ¡ Quest. #1 -6 #1 -5 Video Notes: (10 statements: What is Science? ) Review List End of Chapter Textbook Questions l ¡ Pg. 7 Pg. 15 Pg. 22 Pg. 28 Pg. 31 #1 -10 & Understanding Concepts #15, 21, 23, 24 Pg. 33 #1 -6 IQ’s #1 -5 Self test Textbook Printout Tools of the textbook (stamp)