Introductory Psychology Concepts CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY

Introductory Psychology Concepts CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY Professor Veronica Emilia Nuzzolo

Culture Enduring values, beliefs, behaviors, and traditions that are shared by a large group of people and passed from one generation to the next. © 2013 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Culture Sociocultural Perspective: + Combines social psychology and cultural psychology Culture and Abnormality: + How your culture affects the definition of abnormal behavior Individualistic and Collective Cultures: + Working together or working alone Culture Fair Tests: + Developing tests that are not affected by culture © 2013 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Introductory Psychology Concepts: Profession of Psychology Psychologists view behavior from several perspectives. • Psychological Understanding behavior in terms of psychological events • • Behavioral Neuroscience Cognitive Group © 2013 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Introductory Psychology Concepts: Profession of Psychology Psychologists view behavior from several perspectives. • • Psychological Behavioral Understanding behavior in terms of the principles of learning • • • Neuroscience Cognitive Group © 2013 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1 -5

Introductory Psychology Concepts: Profession of Psychology Psychologists view behavior from several perspectives. • • • Psychological Behavioral Neuroscience Understanding behavior in terms of biology • • Cognitive Group © 2013 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1 -6

Introductory Psychology Concepts: Profession of Psychology Psychologists view behavior from several perspectives. • • Psychological Behavioral Neuroscience Cognitive Understanding behavior in terms of cognitive events • Group © 2013 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1 -7

Introductory Psychology Concepts: Profession of Psychology Psychologists view behavior from several perspectives. • • • Psychological Behavioral Neuroscience Cognitive Group Understanding abnormal behavior in terms of the effects of groups on behavior © 2013 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1 -8

Introductory Psychology Concepts: Profession of Psychology Areas of Specialty in Psychology • Clinical • Diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders, research on causes of disorders and treatment effectiveness Counseling Developmental Educational Experimental Cognitive Personality Quantitative Industrial/Organizational • Social • • © 2013 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1 -9

Introductory Psychology Concepts: Profession of Psychology Areas of Specialty in Psychology • Clinical • Counseling • Consultation with clients on issues of personal adjustment; vocational and career planning; interest and aptitude testing Developmental Educational Experimental Cognitive Personality Quantitative Industrial/Organizational • Social • • • © 2013 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1 -10

Introductory Psychology Concepts: Profession of Psychology Areas of Specialty in Psychology • Clinical Counseling • Developmental • • Study of physical, mental, emotional, and social development across the entire life span Educational Experimental Cognitive Personality Quantitative Industrial/Organizational • Social • • • © 2013 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1 -11

Introductory Psychology Concepts: Profession of Psychology Areas of Specialty in Psychology • Clinical Counseling Developmental • Educational • • • Study of psychological aspects of the educational process; curriculum and instructional research; teacher training Experimental Cognitive Personality Quantitative Industrial/Organizational • Social • • © 2013 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1 -12

Introductory Psychology Concepts: Profession of Psychology Areas of Specialty in Psychology • Clinical Counseling Developmental Educational • Experimental • • Research (typically laboratory experiments, often with nonhumans) on basic processes such as learning, perception, and motivation Cognitive Personality Quantitative Industrial/Organizational • Social • • • © 2013 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1 -13

Introductory Psychology Concepts: Profession of Psychology Areas of Specialty in Psychology • Clinical Counseling Developmental Educational Experimental • Cognitive • • Study of mental processes such as memory, problem solving, planning, consciousness, and language (psycholinguistics) Personality Quantitative Industrial/Organizational • Social • • • © 2013 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1 -14

Introductory Psychology Concepts: Profession of Psychology Areas of Specialty in Psychology • Clinical Counseling Developmental Educational Experimental Cognitive • Personality • • • Study of individual differences in personality and their effects on behavior; development of personality tests Quantitative Industrial/Organizational • Social • © 2013 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1 -15

Introductory Psychology Concepts: Profession of Psychology Areas of Specialty in Psychology • Clinical Counseling Developmental Educational Experimental Cognitive Personality • Quantitative • • Measurement issues and data analysis; development of mathematical models of behavior Industrial/Organizational • Social © 2013 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1 -16

Introductory Psychology Concepts: Profession of Psychology Areas of Specialty in Psychology • Clinical Counseling Developmental Educational Experimental Cognitive Personality Quantitative • Industrial/Organizational • • Examination of behavior in work settings; study of factors related to employee morale and performance, development of tests to select job applicants; development of machines and tasks to fit human capabilities • Social © 2013 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1 -17

Introductory Psychology Concepts: Profession of Psychology Areas of Specialty in Psychology • Clinical Counseling Developmental Educational Experimental Cognitive Personality Quantitative Industrial/Organizational • Social • • Examination of how the social environment—the presence of other people—influences an individual’s behavior, thoughts and feelings © 2013 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1 -18

Introductory Psychology Concepts: Perspectives in Psychology Ways of Understanding Behavior Key issues in psychology and the positions taken by psychologists subscribing to the five major perspectives of psychology. Issue Nature (heredity) vs. nurture (environment) Neuroscience Psychodynamic Nature (heredity) © 2013 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Nature (heredity) Behavioral Nurture (environment) Cognitive Both Humanistic Nurture (environment) 1 -19

Introductory Psychology Concepts: Perspectives in Psychology Ways of Understanding Behavior Key issues in psychology and the positions taken by psychologists subscribing to the five major perspectives of psychology. Issue Neuroscience Psychodynamic Conscious vs. unconscious determinants of behavior Unconscious © 2013 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Behavioral Conscious Cognitive Humanistic Both Conscious 1 -20

Introductory Psychology Concepts: Perspectives in Psychology Ways of Understanding Behavior Key issues in psychology and the positions taken by psychologists subscribing to the five major perspectives of psychology. Issue Observable behavior vs. internal mental processes Neuroscience Psychodynamic Internal emphasis © 2013 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Internal emphasis Behavioral Observable emphasis Cognitive Internal emphasis Humanistic Internal emphasis 1 -21

Introductory Psychology Concepts: Perspectives in Psychology Ways of Understanding Behavior Key issues in psychology and the positions taken by psychologists subscribing to the five major perspectives of psychology. Issue Neuroscience Psychodynamic Free will vs. determinism Determinism © 2013 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Determinism Behavioral Cognitive Humanistic Determinism Free will 1 -22

Introductory Psychology Concepts: Perspectives in Psychology Ways of Understanding Behavior Key issues in psychology and the positions taken by psychologists subscribing to the five major perspectives of psychology. Issue Individual differences vs. universal principles Neuroscience Psychodynamic Universal emphasis © 2013 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Universal emphasis Behavioral Both Cognitive Individual emphasis Humanistic Individual emphasis 1 -23

Introductory Psychology Concepts : Research Methods and Research Studies The Scientific Method: The approach used by psychologists to systematically acquire knowledge and understanding about behavior and other phenomena of interest. 1. Identify questions of interest stemming from • Behavior and phenomenon requiring explanation • Prior research findings • Curiosity, creativity, insight 3. Carry out research Operationalize hypothesis Select a research method Collect the data 2. Formulate an explanation Analyze the data Specify a theory Develop a hypothesis © 2013 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. 4. Communicate the findings 1 -24

Introductory Psychology Concepts : Research Methods and Research Studies Descriptive Methods of Observing Behavior Self Report Psychological © 2013 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Behavioral 1 -25

Introductory Psychology Concepts : Research Methods and Research Studies Descriptive Methods Naturalistic Observation: Observing subjects in natural environments Researcher Jane Goodall studies the behavior of wild chimpanzees in their native habitat. © 2013 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1 -26

Introductory Psychology Concepts : Research Methods and Research Studies Descriptive Methods Laboratory Observation: Observing subjects in artificially controlled environments In this experiment, preschoolers’ reactions to the puppet are monitored. © 2013 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1 -27

Introductory Psychology Concepts : Research Methods and Research Studies Descriptive Methods Case Studies: In-depth analysis of an individual, group, or event The Hmong Sudden Death Syndrome • Many Hmong refugees who escaped the ravages of war in their homeland experienced great stress and guilt when they resettled in North America. • This stress, combined with cultural beliefs about angry spirits, may have contributed to the Hmong sudden death syndrome, which eventually claimed more than 40 lives. © 2013 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1 -28

Introductory Psychology Concepts : Research Methods and Research Studies Descriptive Methods Surveys and Polls: • Methods of gathering information or data from persons in which they provide answers themselves. • Conclusion from samples are drawn using scientific method. Unrepresentative sample Population Sampling procedure Representative sample © 2013 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1 -29

Introductory Psychology Concepts : Research Methods and Research Studies Experimental Method Experimental group (noise condition) Measure amount of learning Sample of participants Control group (no-noise condition) Measure amount of learning Scientifically compare performance of the two groups The logic of designing an experiment. The experimenter manipulates the amount of noise to which participants are exposed, measures their learning, and attempts to treat them equally in every other way. This creates an experiment group and a control group. © 2013 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1 -30

Introductory Psychology Concepts : Scientific Method: 5 steps 1 Perceiving a Question 2 Forming a Hypothesis 3 Testing the Hypothesis 4 Drawing Conclusions 5 Reporting Results © 2013 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1 -31

Introductory Psychology Concepts : Scientific Method Descriptive Methods of Observing Behavior Self Report Psychological © 2013 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Behavioral 1 -32

Introductory Psychology Concepts: Descriptive Methods of Observing Behavior Self Report Psychological © 2013 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Behavioral 1 -33

Introductory Psychology Concepts: Descriptive Methods Naturalistic Observation: Observing subjects in natural environments Researcher Jane Goodall uses naturalistic observation to study the behavior of wild chimpanzees. © 2013 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1 -34

Introductory Psychology Concepts: Descriptive Methods Laboratory Observation: Observing subjects in artificially controlled environments In this experiment, preschoolers’ reactions to the puppet are monitored. © 2013 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1 -35

Introductory Psychology Concepts: Descriptive Methods Case Studies: In-depth analysis of an individual, group, or event The Hmong Sudden Death Syndrome • Many Hmong refugees who escaped the ravages of war in their homeland experienced great stress and guilt when they resettled in North America. • This stress, combined with cultural beliefs about angry spirits, may have contributed to the Hmong sudden death syndrome, which eventually claimed more than 40 lives. © 2013 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1 -36

Introductory Psychology Concepts: Descriptive Methods Surveys and Polls: • Method of gathering information or data from persons where they provide the answers themselves. • Conclusion are drawn using scientific method. Unrepresentative sample Population Sampling procedure Representative sample © 2013 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1 -37