Introduction Various aspects of human nature Curiosity pain

The Origins of Neuroscience • Views of the Brain: Ancient Greece – Correlation between

The Origins of Neuroscience • Views of the Brain: The Roman Empire – Views

The Origins of Neuroscience • Views of the Brain: The Renaissance – Fluid-mechanical theory

The Origins of Neuroscience • Views of the Brain: The Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries

The Origins of Neuroscience • Views of the Brain: Renaissance to the Nineteenth Century

The Origins of Neuroscience • Views of the Brain: The Nineteenth Century – Central

The Origins of Neuroscience • Views of the Brain: The Nineteenth Century – Nerve

The Origins of Neuroscience • Localization of Function in the Brain – Charles Bell

Localization of function from brain injury/stroke Example: Phineus Gage Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer

The Origins of Neuroscience • Localization of Function in the Brain (Cont’d) – Paul

The Origins of Neuroscience • Localization of Function in the Brain – Franz Joseph

The Origins of Neuroscience • Localization of Function in the Brain (Cont’d) – Regional

The Origins of Neuroscience • Evolution of the Nervous System – Natural selection –

The Origins of Neuroscience • The Neuron: The Basic Functional Unit of the Brain

Neuroscience Today • Reductionist approach – Levels of analysis • Molecular • Cellular •

Concluding Remarks • Goal of neuroscience: To learn how the nervous system functions –

• End of presentation Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams

The Origins of Neuroscience • Prehistoric ancestors – Brain vital to life • Skull

Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Neuroscience Today • The Neuroscientist -Education, Training, Research experience -Clinical vs. Experimental research Copyright

Neuroscience Today • Scientific Process – Observation – Replication – Interpretation – Verification Copyright

Neuroscience Today • The Use of Animals in Neuroscience Research – Animals: Renewable natural

Neuroscience Today • The Cost of Ignorance: Nervous System Disorders Copyright © 2007 Wolters

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Introduction • Various aspects of human nature – Curiosity, pain, pleasure, movement, reasoning, learning, memory, emotion, and madness • Neuroscience – Study of the brain • The Society for Neuroscience Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

The Origins of Neuroscience • Views of the Brain: Ancient Greece – Correlation between structure and function – Hippocrates • Brain: Involved in sensation; seat of intelligence Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

The Origins of Neuroscience • Views of the Brain: The Roman Empire – Views of Greek physician Galen: Localization of function • Cerebrum Sensation • Cerebellum Motor • Ventricles ‘Communicating’ fluids Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

The Origins of Neuroscience • Views of the Brain: The Renaissance – Fluid-mechanical theory of brain function – Philosophical mind-brain problem Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

The Origins of Neuroscience • Views of the Brain: The Nineteenth Century – Central subdivision: brain and spinal cord – Peripheral division: network of nerves coursing through the body Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

The Origins of Neuroscience • Views of the Brain: The Nineteenth Century – Nerve as wires, understanding of electrical phenomena, nervous system can generate electricity – Bell and Magendie: Dorsal and ventral roots carry information in opposite directions Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

The Origins of Neuroscience • Localization of Function in the Brain – Charles Bell • Cerebellum: Origin of the motor fibers • Cerebrum: Destination of sensory fibers – Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens • Experimental ablation method Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

The Origins of Neuroscience • Localization of Function in the Brain (Cont’d) – Paul Broca • Discrete region of the human cerebrum for speech Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

The Origins of Neuroscience • Localization of Function in the Brain – Franz Joseph Gall • Phrenology: Bumps on the surface of skull reflect brain surface and related personality traits Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

The Origins of Neuroscience • Evolution of the Nervous System – Natural selection – Nervous systems of different species may share common mechanisms – Rationale for “animal models” Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Concluding Remarks • Goal of neuroscience: To learn how the nervous system functions – Brain’s activity reflected in behavior – Computer-assisted imaging techniques – New treatments for nervous system disorders – Non-invasive methods – Experiments in live tissue Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

The Origins of Neuroscience • Prehistoric ancestors – Brain vital to life • Skull surgeries – Evidence: Trepanation – Skulls show signs of healing • Views of ancient Egypt – Heart: Seat of soul and memory (not the head) Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Neuroscience Today • The Use of Animals in Neuroscience Research – Animals: Renewable natural resources – The more basic the process under investigation, the more distant the evolutionary relationship with humans • Examples (from simple to more complex) nematodes, insects, snails, squid, rodents, monkeys, etc. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins