Introduction To Ubiquitous Computing Unit1 Contents Ubiquitous Computing

Introduction To Ubiquitous Computing Unit-1

Contents � Ubiquitous Computing � Features of Ubiquitous computing. � Working. � Applications and Scope � Core properties of Ubicom Systems. � Architectural Design for Ubicom Systems. � Ubiquitous System Environment Interaction.

Ubiquitous Computing � Definition: ◦ Ubiquitous means found everywhere. ◦ It is standard where each activity or object is linked with processing of information. ◦ For communicating information it connects to electronics devices and embedding processors. ◦ It is connected all the time and constantly available.

Ubiquitous Computing o It main focus is on increasing efficiency by removing the complexity. o The main aim of ubiquitous computing is creating smart product. o Two methods are mainly followed by busines models: o 1. PUSH: Advertisements, mail, electronic media. o 2. PULL: Browses websites and hardcopies of printout.

Features 1. Memory and storage requirements are reduced by use of inexpensive processors. 2. Real time attributes are captured. 3. Constantly available and totally connected computing devices. 4. Instead of one-to-one or one to many in the environment it focus on many-to-many relationships, along with the idea of technology.

Features 5. Includes invisible or visible, local or global, public or private, social or personal and invisible or visible features. 6. Dependent on internet, wireless technolgy and advanced electronics. 7. The reliability factor of the different equipment used may be impacted when technolgy progresses.

Advantages of Ubiquitous Computing � Quick, Efficient and Effortless. � It support new class of intelligent and portable appliances or “smart devices. ” � It gives people convenient access to relevant information. � Its removes the complexity of new technologies. � Environment will be supplemented with interconnected digital technologies. Interconnectivity will eliminate mundane tasks.

Applications of Ubiqutious Computing � Remote computers will monitor our health statistics. � Cars will use the Internet to find an open parking space or the nearest vegetarian restaurant for their owners. � Used � In in Digi-tickers or implanted heart monitors. development of smart clothes.

Scope of Ubiquitous Computing � Mobile, wireless and unplanned networking infrastructure for ubiquitous computing. � Tools and techniques for planning implementing, evaluating ubiquitous computing systems. � Location and in place studies of ubiquitous computing technologies in use. � Location aware and context-based systems for ubiquitous systems. � Privacy , security and trust in ubiqutious systems.

Properties of Ubiquitous Computing 1. Computers need to be networked, distributed and transparently accessible. 2. Human computer interaction needs to be hidden more. 3. Computers need to be context aware in order to optimise their operation in their environment. 4. Computers can operate autonomously, without human intervention, be self governed, in contrast to pure human computer interaction. 5. Computers can handle a multiplicity of dynamic actions and interactions, governed by intelligent decision making and intelligent organisational interaction.

Distributed ICT Systems

Distributed Properties of Ubicomp 1. Distributed ICT Systems: ICT systems are naturally distributed and interlinked. Multiple systems often behave as and appear as a single system to the user. 2. Networked ICT Devices: Information Communication Technology tools such as computers, laptops, desktops, data projector etc. offer services that can be locally and remotely accessed 3. Transparency and Openness: a. Transparency is strongly linked to the notion that devices and functions are embedded and hidden within larger interactive systems. b. Openness allows systems to avoid having to support all their functions at the design time, avoiding closed implementation.

i. HCI Properties of Ubicomp What is e. HCI: 1. The user tells the computer in a certain level of what he expects the computer to do. What is i. HCI: 1. In this type of HCI a computer takes the users actions as input and tries to output an action that is a proactive anticipation of what the human needs. 2. The user is not necessarily trying to give input to or interact with the computer. 3. Implicit interaction is based on the assumption that the computer has a certain understanding of our behavior in the given situation

Context-Awareness Properties of Ubicomp The aim of Ubi. Com systems is not to support global ubiquity, to interlink all systems to form one omnipresent service domain, but rather to support context- based ubiquity The 1. benefits of context-based ubiquity include: . To deliver the ubiqutious services it will have limitation on various resources. There is choice of access limits from various services to useful services. 3. avoiding overburdening the user with too much information and decision-making; 4. It also supports calm decision-making. Then it support center of attention by users. 2.

Context-Awareness Properties of Ubicomp � Three Main Types of Environment Context: Physical environment context: pertaining to some physical world dimension or phenomena such as location, time, temperature, rainfall, light level, etc. • Human context (or user context or person context): interaction is usefully constrained by users: in terms of identity; preferences; task requirements; social context and other activities; user experience and prior knowledge and types of user. • ICT context or virtual environment context: a particular component in a distributed system is aware of the services that are available internally and externally, locally and remotely, in the distributed system. •

Reality � Reality refers to the state of actual existence of things in the physical world. � Human perception of reality can be altered by technology in several ways such as virtual reality, augmented reality, mediated reality.

Virtual Reality � Different people are involved and VR is mainly generated by a single system. � Time � It and space are collapsed. also exists as a separate reality from physical world.

Augmented reality (AR) � Augmented reality (AR) is characterised as being immersed in a physical environment in which physical objects can be linked to a virtual environment. � AR can enhance physical reality by adding virtual views to it e. g. , using various techniques. � e. g: lenses

Mediated reality � Mediated reality refers to the ability to add to, subtract information from, or otherwise manipulate one's perception of reality through the use of a wearable computer or hand-held device such as a smartphone. � The reality is reduced or otherwise altered as desired.

Autonomy Properties of Ubicomp Autonomy refers to the property of a system that enables a system to control its own actions independently. An autonomous system may still be interfaced with other systems and environments. Autonomous systems may be goal- or policy-oriented such as 1. Reducing Human Interaction 2. Easing System Maintenance Versus Self-Maintaining Systems

Intelligence Properties of Ubicomp Intelligence is required in systems to adapt their behavior in dynamic environments in significant ways, without using any artificial intelligence in the system. Intelligence can enable systems to act more proactively and dynamically in order to support the following behaviors in Ubi. Com systems. 1. Modeling of its physical environment 2. Copying and modelling its human environment. 3. Handling incompleteness 4. Handling non-deterministic behavior

Intelligence Properties of Ubicomp 1. Modeling of its physical environment: -To act more effectively an intelligent system (IS) can adjust its be behaviour. -For doing that the model is created to check for changes of environment. 2. Copying and modeling its human environment: -Human environment is very useful to support i. HCI modellimg for IS. -Human can get high level goals with IS.

Intelligence Properties of Ubicomp 3. Handling incompleteness: -When environments are open to changes as because of these systems may also be incomplete. -To have representation of alternative plan re-planning can be supported by AI planning. -The supplementation of incomplete knowledge of a system’s environment is done by AI type. 4. Handling non-deterministic behavior: -In open and various dynamic environments Ubicomp systems can operate. -Aims and actions are not completely determined. -The environment is assumed as semi deterministic environment for the system. - To handle uncertainty the various models are used by intelligent systems. -

Ubiquitous System Environment Interaction Describes the various types of possible interaction between human, computer and physical world. So Ubiquitous System Environments are 1. The infrastructure of other ICT systems; 2. The physical world environment; 3. The human environment By considering the above three environment Several basic types of system environment interaction are: Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) : Between humans and ICT systems, Computer-Physical world interaction (CPI) : Between ICT systems & physical world, Computer-Computer Interaction (CCI): Between ICT systems, C 2 C or CCI.

Human ICT Device Interaction (HCI) For the interaction between Humans (H) and ICT systems (C), four characteristic points across the interaction domain are considered, H 2 H or HHI: maximum H interaction with minimal C interaction, H 2 C or e. HCI: more H interaction facilitated by C interaction , C 2 H or i. CHI: more C interaction that leads to human interaction C 2 C or CCI: maximum ICT interaction.

Human ICT Device Interaction (HCI) .

ICT Device to Physical World Interaction (CPI) For the interaction between Physical world (P) and ICT systems (C), four characteristic points across the interaction domain are considered, P 2 P: Physical World to Physical World Interaction refers to interactions within nature that are not mediated by any significant ICT system. P 2 C: Physical Environment to Computer Device Interaction covers context aware ICT systems. C 2 P: Computer Device to Physical Environment Interaction refers to augmented and mediated reality systems C 2 C /VR : Virtualization of reality facilitated by C

ICT Device to Physical World Interaction (CPI)

Different Degrees of HCI & CPI Different Degrees of HCI: From less to more C Interaction with H 1. H 2 H: human interaction 2. H 2 C or explicit (e)HCI: 3. C 2 H or implicit (i)HCI: 4. C 2 C /VR : Virtualization of reality facilitated by C Different Degrees of CPI: From less to more C Interaction with P 1. P 2 P: Physical interaction (No ICT mediation) 2. C 2 P / CA (Physical Env. Context-aware): C Senses P. C Aware of P’s Context 3. P 2 C/AR/MR : C augments or mediates P’s reality. C actively adapts to P’s context 4. C 2 C /VR : Virtualization of reality facilitated by C

Smart IDE: Architectural Design for Ubi. Com Systems Three basic architectural design patterns for ubiquitous ICT system: smart Devices, smart Environment and smart Interaction. Here the concept smart simply means that the entity is active, digital, networked, can operate to some extent autonomously, is reconfigurable and has local control of the resources it needs such as energy, data storage, etc. It follows that three main types of system design may themselves contain sub systems and components at a lower level of granularity that may also be considered smart, Three basic architectural design patterns are Smart Devices, Smart Environment and Smart Interaction.

Smart IDE: Architectural Design for Ubi. Com Systems

Smart Devices Smart devices like personal computer, mobile phone, tend to be multipurpose ICT devices, operating as a single portal to access sets of popular multiple application services that may reside locally on the device or remotely on servers. Weiser proposed a range of device sizes 1. Smart Tabs (wearable centimetre sized devices) 2. Smart Pads (handheld decimetre-sized devices) 3. Smart Boards (e. g. metre sized displays) 4. Smart Dust (nanometre devices with MEMS –Micro-electronic mechanical systems -> accelerometers) 5. Smart Skins (clothes and curtains may have fabrics with so-called organic computer devices 6. Smart Clay (3 D objects consisting of intelligence)

Smart Devices Mobility: Mobile devices usually refer to communicators devices designed to be transported by their owners. There is a range of different types of mobiles as follows: � Accompanied: They can either be portable or hand held. • Portable: such as laptop computers which are oriented to two handed operation while seated. • • Hand held: devices are usually operated one handed and on occasion hands free Wearable: devices such as accessories and jewellery are usually operated hands free and operate autonomously and weared. • Implanted or embedded: these are often used for medical reasons to augment human functions, e. g. , a heart pacemaker.

Smart Environments Environment which acquire info and apply knowledgeis called Smart environment Consists of a set of smart devices specialized to interact with their (virtual, physical, human) environments. Typically, embedded single task devices; not MTOS devices Can automatically respond to or anticipate users, using i. HCI E. g. doors open automatically as one walks towards the door Smart environments support bounded, local user context Smart environment devices may also be: – macro to micro to nano

Smart Environments: Types of Smart Environment Device Interaction � Tagging and Annotating : RFID tags can be attached to physical objects. Tag readers can be used to find the location of tags and to track them. • Sensing & monitoring: Transducers take inputs from the environment to convert some phenomena in the physical world into electrical signals that can be digitized • Filtering: it reduces views and help to focus on the features of interest � Adapting: system behavior can adapt to the features of interest in the environment of adapt to changes in the environment • Controlling : Controllers normally require sensors to determine the state of the physical phenomena • Assembling: robots are used They may be preprogrammed to schedule a series of actions in the world to achieve some goal • Regulating: Regulators tend to work in a fixed location or environment

Smart Interaction Additional type of design is needed to knit together many individual system components and interactions. Smart interaction promotes unified & continuous interaction model between ubicom applications & their ubicom infrastructure, physical world & human environments. the smart system may be Internal self-organising system or Externally driven system Components can interact cooperatively versus competitively Interaction may be classified as 1. Basic interaction 2. Smart interaction

Smart Interaction Basic interaction: Typically involves two interlinked parties, a sender and a receiver. • Sender knows things in advance • Two main types of basic interaction 1. Synchronous interaction 2. Asynchronous interaction Smart interaction: interactions that are coordinated, conventions based, semantics and linguistic based and whose interactions are driven by dynamic organizations are considered to be smart interaction Smart Interaction extends basic interactions as follows. • Coordinated interactions • Policy and Convention based Interaction • Dynamic Organisational Interaction • Semantic and Linguistic Interaction