Introduction to the new mainframe zOS basics Chapter

Introduction to the new mainframe 7 th April 1964, Poughkeepsie NY A new generation of electronic computing equipment was introduced today by International Business Machines Corporation. IBM Board Chairman Thomas J. Watson Jr. called the event the most important product announcement in the company's history. The new equipment is known as the IBM System/360. "System/360 represents a sharp departure from concepts of the past in designing and building computers. It is the product of an international effort in IBM's laboratories and plants and is the first time IBM has redesigned the basic internal architecture of its computers in a decade. The result will be more computer productivity at lower cost than ever before. This is the beginning of a new generation - - not only of computers - - but of their application in business, science and government. " © Copyright IBM Corp. , 2008. All rights reserved.

Introduction to the new mainframe The Mainframe Charter – Providing a Strategic Framework It is our intention to… Innovation Value Community • Provide leadership in • Enhance the value • Support programs innovation to enhance the use of the IBM mainframe to support increasingly integrated proposition and lower the cost of computing of mainframe solutions in a way that is designed to foster vitality in the IBM mainframe community, helping to promote a and flexible business compelling, clear, and strong application processes for the On consistent. * portfolio and world- Demand Business. * class support services. * * Excerpted from the Mainframe Charter – August 2003 © Copyright IBM Corp. , 2008. All rights reserved.

Introduction to the new mainframe z/OS Innovation – Redefining the mainframe for 5 decades! System z 10 Portal/XML ITR – Internal Transaction Rate IRD – Intelligent Resource Director © Copyright IBM Corp. , 2008. All rights reserved.

Introduction to the new mainframe Mainframes in our midst Mainframes: q Are prevalent, yet hidden from public eye q Not often publicized – stable, reliable, dependable q Contrast with other forms of computing, such as PCs q Present opportunities for college graduates in a variety of technical fields. © Copyright IBM Corp. , 2008. All rights reserved.

Introduction to the new mainframe What is a mainframe? q A mainframe is a computing system that businesses use to host the commercial databases, transaction servers, and applications that require a greater degree of security and availability than is commonly found on smaller-scale machines. q The power of a mainframe provides computing speed and capacity, enabling it to perform high volumes of processing. q The mainframe can process a mixed workload of jobs from different time zones and of different types. © Copyright IBM Corp. , 2008. All rights reserved.

Introduction to the new mainframe Mainframe facts q Who uses mainframes? • Most Fortune 1000 companies use a mainframe environment • 60% of all data available on the Internet is stored on mainframe computers q Why mainframes? • Large-scale transaction processing • Thousands of transactions per second • • Support thousands of users and application programs Simultaneously accessing resources Terabytes of information in databases Large-bandwidth communications q There are more CICS* transactions processed daily than Web pages served * Customer Information Control System © Copyright IBM Corp. , 2008. All rights reserved.

Introduction to the new mainframe Design Scalability for Balanced Growth © Copyright IBM Corp.

Introduction to the new mainframe Specialty engines 1. SAP (system use) 2. ICF – coupling facility 3. IFL - Linux 4. z. AAP - java 5. z. IIP - db The IBM System z 10 specialty engines can operate on the same machine together or to couple machines providing a single image to the users z/OS LPAR WAS z. AAP Application TCP/IP Hiper. Sockets z/OS LPAR DRDA DB 2 WAS Application not on System z TCP/IP D R D A Application Star Schema z. IIP z. AAP CP SAP I/O operations DRDA z. AAPs (Application Assist Processors) TCP/IP Hiper. Sockets CF LPAR Linux on System z LPAR IFL Application z. IIPs (Integrated Information Processors) ICF Server Coupling IFLs (Integrated Facility for Linux processors) ICFs (Internal Coupling Facility © Copyright IBM Corp. , 2008. All rights reserved.

Introduction to the new mainframe Typical mainframe workloads © Copyright IBM Corp. , 2008.

Introduction to the new mainframe Mainframe Operating System Heritage OS/360 -> OS/VS -> MVS/SP -> MVS/XA -> MVS/ESA -> OS/390 -> z/OS is IBM’s premier z. Series operating system, is a highly secure, scalable, highperformance enterprise operating system on which to build and deploy traditional and Java-enabled applications, providing a comprehensive and diverse application execution environment. DOS/360 -> DOS/VS -> VSE/SP -> VSE/ESA -> z/VSE enables proven, robust, and cost-effective solutions. VSE provides sturdy batch and industrial strength on-line transaction processing (CICS) capabilities. VSE can fit comfortably into a legacy of thrifty, dependable VSE solutions. ACP -> TPF-> z/TPF is the platform driving the business-critical systems for many of IBM's largest and most sophisticated users of online transaction processing - airlines, railroads, hotels, financial services, government, credit card and banking industries. CP/67 -> VM/370 -> VM/SP -> VM/XA -> VM/ESA -> z/VM provides a highly flexible test and production environment for enterprises deploying the latest e-business solutions. z/VM helps enterprises meet their growing demands for multi-user server solutions with support for a broad range of operating systems. © Copyright IBM Corp. , 2008. All rights reserved.

Introduction to the new mainframe Factors contributing to mainframe use q q q q RAS -- reliability, availability, serviceability Security Scalability Centralized control Workload management Partitioning / virtualization Continuing compatibility Evolving architecture Application enablement, complexity, variety Potential for thousands of users Extensibility Total cost of ownership Environment friendly © Copyright IBM Corp. , 2008. All rights reserved.

Introduction to the new mainframe z/OS Consolidation Benefits: Location Matters! Single Tier Multi-tier Universal JDBC Web. Sphere Application Server (WAS) CICS Transaction Gateway (CTG) IMS Java Linux, Unix, Windows DB 2 Dist. Data facility CTG DB 2 CICS IMS Connect z/OS VSAM IMS Web. Sphere Application Server Universal JDBC DB 2 CTG Adapter CICS IMS Java IMS Connect z/OS Moving from multiple physical tiers to a single tier provides additional benefits, including tighter security, enhanced management, reduced costs, simplified configurations and performance gains. © Copyright IBM Corp. , 2008. All rights reserved. VSAM IMS

Introduction to the new mainframe z/OS Availability and Scalability Foundation: Parallel Sysplex Ø z/OS clustering solution is Parallel Sysplex Ø No single point of failure Ø Key Elements: Ø Lock manager • Data Buffer • Time Synchronization • Shared Disk • Shared Network • Common Security CICS ® DB 2® IMS™ DB 2 Java Appl CICS ® DB 2® IMS™ DB 2 JVM Java Appl JVM z/OS Sysplex Services - Locks - Data 11 12 1 10 2 9 8 3 4 7 6 5 © Copyright IBM Corp. , 2008. All rights reserved. CICS ® DB 2® IMS™ DB 2 Java Appl JVM z/OS

Introduction to the new mainframe z/OS Security Provides System and Data Integrity Information Integrity Protect Data in Transit Encryption Ensure integrity of information, So. D for encryption of data at rest Protect privacy of customer & employee information Encryption with key management Highly secure data transfer z/OS key management capabilities Long term key management Encryption of data for archival The Secured Business Environment Secure exchange of business critical information Crypto Shared I/O, storage, memory, CPU Software Crypto CPACF (clear key) IPsec ICSF Enabling non-z/OS servers to communicate securely with z/OS. Open. SSL Open SSH Crypto Express 2 secure key Common Criteria Rating Directory Services Managing identity across enterprise Distributed directory services LDAP RACF Directory tree Security Administration Kerberos Digital Certificates Security Server Highly secure transfers across the Internet Trusted exchange with open standards & support for IP encryption Digital Certificates PKI and Digital Certificates Data Security DB 2 Trusted business transactions MLS Multi-Level Security Single repository of data with various levels of security Identrus compliant Certificates © Copyright IBM Corp. , 2008. All rights reserved.

Introduction to the new mainframe z/OS is Designed to Run Diverse Workloads 25% utilization requires: § Scaling means MORE servers, SW licenses, power, operators, etc. § Static workload management § High admin and environmental cost § Intel worse, typically <10% utilization § Complexity means resources dedicated to MAINTENANCE Between 85% to 100% utilization enables: § Optimized use of SW assets in a highly virtualized and shared resource infrastructure § z/OS WLM supports “hands off”, business priority driven intelligent workload management § Inherent scalability means fewer servers requiring less power, cooling & admin costs § Less resources to maintain, allowing more to be focused on INNOVATING © Copyright IBM Corp. , 2008. All rights reserved.

Introduction to the new mainframe System z – The Ultimate Virtualization Resource Web. Sphere® Core ERP CICS® DB 2® IMS™ DB 2 ™ Java Appl. Busine Java ss Business Appl CICS Objects IMS s z/OS JVM z/OS ERP Native Linux Web. Sphere® DB 2 Batch DB 2 JVM z/OS Linux for System z z/VM Hiper. Sockets™ – virtual networking and switching Processor Resource/Systems Manager™ (PR/SM™) CP 1 CP 2 CP n z. IIPs & z. AAPs IFL 1 Memory Massive, robust consolidation platform; virtualization is built in, not added on Up to 60 logical partitions on PR/SM; 100’s to 1000’s of virtual servers on z/VM Virtual networking for memory-speed communication, as well as virtual layer 2 and layer 3 networks supported by z/VM Most sophisticated and complete hypervisor function available Intelligent and autonomic management of diverse workloads and system resources based on business policies and workload performance objectives © Copyright IBM Corp. , 2008. All rights reserved. IFL n

Introduction to the new mainframe System z – The Ultimate Virtualization Resource Web. Sphere® Core ERP CICS® DB 2® IMS™ DB 2 ™ Java Appl. Busine Java ss Business Appl CICS Objects IMS s z/OS JVM z/OS ERP Native Linux Web. Sphere® DB 2 Batch DB 2 JVM z/OS Linux for System z z/VM Hiper. Sockets™ – virtual networking and switching Processor Resource/Systems Manager™ (PR/SM™) CP 1 CP 2 PR/SM, IRD, and WLM CP n z. IIPs & z. AAPs IFL 1 IFL n Memory § Intelligent Resource Director (IRD) further differentiates z/OS with its ability to manage resources across multiple partitions in a server § PR/SM, IRD and WLM work together to ensure that the resources of the server are correctly balanced to enable work to complete within stated policy goals © Copyright IBM Corp. , 2008. All rights reserved.

Introduction to the new mainframe z/OS Advanced Support for Global transactions and two-phase commit z/OS Resource Recovery Services (RRS) provides operating-system control of the commit process. When performing a full two-phase commit with more than one resource manager (IMS, CICS, DB 2, MQ, etc. , ) RRS can handle the two-phase commit coordination process with highly optimized internal z/OS code. • Performance is improved because the commit process is internal to the operating system rather than in middleware. • When doing a 2 -phase-commit interaction, locks are held on more than one backend data resource. The longer these locks are held, the greater the impact on performance. By optimizing this path, you enable locks to be released sooner benefits all work. When a z/OS system handles two-phase commit, it helps simplify and even eliminate application management and coding of rollback logic © Copyright IBM Corp. , 2008. All rights reserved.

Introduction to the new mainframe z/OS Reliability: Automatic Restart Manager What Automatic Restart Manager is • z/OS recovery function for Batch jobs and started tasks • Used by transaction and resource managers (e. g. , CICS, DB 2, IMS, WAS) • Available only in a parallel Sysplex environment What Automatic Restart Manager provides: • Fast restarts • Reduced operator intervention for restarts • Restarts distributed Sysplex-wide by WLM • Dependent job recovery coordination © Copyright IBM Corp. , 2008. All rights reserved.

Introduction to the new mainframe z/OS System Management Facility (SMF) The z/OS System Management Facility (SMF) collects and records system and job-related information that your installation can use in: Billing users Reporting reliability Analyzing the configuration Scheduling jobs Summarizing direct access volume activity Evaluating data set activity Profiling system resource use Maintaining system security © Copyright IBM Corp. , 2008. All rights reserved.

Introduction to the new mainframe z/OS Workload Manager (WLM) Purpose of workload management is to balance available resources (I/O, storage, CPUs) across multiple types of work based on the work's service requirements and it’s importance to the business. This is difficult, if impossible to do manually. Workload manager actively and automatically manages the workload across an entire cluster of systems based on the relative business importance of each type of work. q Prevents long running tasks (batch) from monopolizing resources q Ensures consistent response times for short queries (OLTP) q Manages work according to business goals q Optimizes resources when running competing workloads © Copyright IBM Corp. , 2008. All rights reserved.

Introduction to the new mainframe Workload Management Overview ØGoal oriented approach ØDifferent classes of service ØClassification rules ØImportance based goal attainment ØSubsystems participate Service Policy Service Classes • • • WAS, Imp=1, 90%<0. 25 s CICS, Imp=1, 90%<0. 5 s DDF, Imp=2, 80%<0. 5 s TSO, Per=1, Imp=3, 90%<1 s TSO, Per=2, Imp=4, 80%<3 s Batch, Imp=5, Ex. Vel=10 communicate Goals WLM determine goal achievement Reporting assign remove Introduce World Leading System Self-Management Capabilities based on Customer-Specified Goals © Copyright IBM Corp. , 2008. All rights reserved.

Introduction to the new mainframe No Proximity: What happens when logic and data are separated? 1. Objects are converted into byte array at the requester Business Logic Data Logic DB 2 (CPU, time) 2. Network latency is incurred (time) 3. More latency is incurred as service is dispatched (CPU, time) 4. Objects are reconstructed at the server (CPU, time) 5. Requested data is retrieved 6. Objects are converted into byte array at the server (CPU, time) 7. Network latency is incurred (time) 8. Objects are reconstructed at the requester (CPU, time) Some other considerations: – Number of interactions between the tiers, volume of data passed – No local optimizations of the access protocol – Effect on server memory requirements due to locking © Copyright IBM Corp. , 2008. All rights reserved.

Introduction to the new mainframe Proximity Value: Transportation Industry POC Presentation Logic Business Logic Avg CPU time per trx (ms) Business Logic 11. 73 Amount of data xfrd per trx (KB) 54. 4 Data Logic DB 2 2. 64 Amount of data xfrd per trx (KB) Data Logic 0. 5 § Effect of refactoring business logic to be co-resident with z/OS data: – Average CPU time per EJB transaction was reduced by over 77% – Number of bytes of data transferred per EJB transaction was reduced by 99% http: //www. ibm. com/support/techdocs, Optimizing Web. Sphere Performance on DB 2, WP 100558 © Copyright IBM Corp. , 2008. All rights reserved.

Introduction to the new mainframe Proximity Performance Benefits High Availability (HA) benefits Fewer tiers to HA enable and manage Proven Parallel Sysplex HA enablement Parallel Sysplex exploitation by all program products Simplified recovery procedures Faster restart times Operating system service (ARM) for system restart Performance benefits* No network time No product specific network protocol construction / deconstruction • DRDA (DB 2) • CICS Transaction gateway (CICS) • RMI / IIOP (IMS & J 2 EE) Reduced CPU utilization High speed access to cache without network • Parallel Sysplex infrastructure for DB 2, CICS, IMS, MQ • Guaranteed integrity and currency of data (Pessimistic data access) Improved two phase commit performance *Local (Type 2) connectors within a system image © Copyright IBM Corp. , 2008. All rights reserved.

Introduction to the new mainframe Qualities of Service Benefits of Proximity Security benefits Management benefits Fewer components to manage ü Hardware servers ü Network Infrastructure ü Operating Systems System z Platform Scalability ü Vertical (Up to 32 CPU per image) ü Horizontal Scalability (Parallel Sysplex) Smaller Physical Footprint and resource utilization Single end to end management interface / console for all products within the architecture ü Web. Sphere cross platform administrative interface ü z/OS Console, System Management Facility § Single security authority for authentication and authorization § Simplified Compliance Certification and Analysis (SOX, HIPAA, etc) § Tight integration of Web. Sphere and RACF via Security Authorization Facility (SAF) § End user authentication for authorization and auditing throughout the architecture § No network between tiers ü Reduced Opportunity for intercepting transmissions ( ü No need to encrypt data or tunnel between tiers © Copyright IBM Corp. , 2008. All rights reserved.

Introduction to the new mainframe Summary The New Mainframe: q Plays a central role in the daily operations of the world’s largest organizations – and the daily lives of most people. q Is known for its reliability, security, and enormous processing capabilities. q Is designed for processing large scale workloads and serving thousands of users and transactions concurrently. q Is managed by highly skilled technical support staff. q Runs a variety of operating systems. © Copyright IBM Corp. , 2008. All rights reserved.

Introduction to the new mainframe Trademarks The following are trademarks of the International Business Machines Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. DB 2* DB 2 Universal Database Dir. Maint DRDA* Enterprise Storage Server* ESCON* FICON* GDPS* Hiper. Sockets IBM* IBM e. Server IBM logo* IMS Lotus* MQSeries* Parallel Sysplex* RACF* Rational* System i System z 9 * Registered trademarks of IBM Corporation System Storage Tivoli* Total. Storage* Virtualization Engine* VSE/ESA VTAM* Web. Sphere* z/Architecture z/OS* z/VM* z/VSE z. Series* The following are trademarks or registered trademarks of other companies. Intel is a trademark of Intel Corporation in the United States, other countries, or both. Java and all Java-related trademarks and logos are trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. , in the United States and other countries Linux is a trademark of Linus Torvalds in the United States and other countries. . UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group in the United States and other countries. Microsoft is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and other countries. * All other products may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies. Notes: Performance is in Internal Throughput Rate (ITR) ratio based on measurements and projections using standard IBM benchmarks in a controlled environment. The actual throughput that any user will experience will vary depending upon considerations such as the amount of multiprogramming in the user's job stream, the I/O configuration, the storage configuration, and the workload processed. Therefore, no assurance can be given that an individual user will achieve throughput improvements equivalent to the performance ratios stated here. IBM hardware products are manufactured from new parts, or new and serviceable used parts. Regardless, our warranty terms apply. All customer examples cited or described in this presentation are presented as illustrations of the manner in which some customers have used IBM products and the results they may have achieved. Actual environmental costs and performance characteristics will vary depending on individual customer configurations and conditions. This publication was produced in the United States. IBM may not offer the products, services or features discussed in this document in other countries, and the information may be subject to change without notice. Consult your local IBM business contact for information on the product or services available in your area. All statements regarding IBM's future direction and intent are subject to change or withdrawal without notice, and represent goals and objectives only. Information about non-IBM products is obtained from the manufacturers of those products or their published announcements. IBM has not tested those products and cannot confirm the performance, compatibility, or any other claims related to non-IBM products. Questions on the capabilities of non-IBM products should be addressed to the suppliers of those products. Prices subject to change without notice. Contact your IBM representative or Business Partner for the most current pricing in your geography. © Copyright IBM Corp. , 2008. All rights reserved.