Introduction to the Human Body 1 Anatomical position

Introduction to the Human Body 1

Anatomical position and Surface anatomy l Anatomical Position ¡Standing upright with palms facing forward l Surface Anatomy ¡Axial l. Head, neck and trunk ¡Appendicular l. Limbs and their attachment to the axis 2

Nasal (nose) Frontal (forehead) Orbital (eye) Oral (mouth) Buccal (cheek) Cervical (neck) Mental (chin) Acromial (point of shoulder) Axillary (armpit) Sternal (breastbone) Thoracic (chest) Mammary (breast) Abdominal (abdomen) Brachial (arm) Antecubital (front of elbow) Antebrachial (forearm) Pelvic (pelvis) Regional Terms: Anterior View Umbilical (navel) Carpal (wrist) Pollex (thumb) Palmar (palm) Coxal (hip) Digital (fingers) Inguinal (groin) Pubic (genital region) Femoral (thigh) Patellar (anterior knee) Fibular, or peroneal (side of leg) Crural (leg) Pedal (foot) Tarsal (ankle) Digital (toes) Hallux (great toe) (a) Anterior 3 Figure 1. 7 a

Otic (ear) Cephalic (head) Occipital (back of head or base of skull) Acromial (point of shoulder) Vertebral (spinal column) Scapular (shoulder blade) Brachial (arm) Dorsum or dorsal (back) Olecranal (back of elbow) Lumbar (loin) Sacral (between hips) Upper extremity Manus (hand) Gluteal (buttock) Perineal (region between the anus and external genitalia) Femoral (thigh) Popliteal (back of knee) Lower extremity Regional Terms: Posterior View Sural (calf) Calcaneal (heel) Plantar (sole) (b) Posterior 4 Figure 1. 7 b

Body Orientation and Direction l Superior/inferior l Anterior/posterior l Medial/lateral l Cranial/caudal l Dorsal/ventral l Proximal/distal l Superficial (external)/deep (internal) 5

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Body Planes and Sections l Transverse plane divides the body into superior and inferior l Frontal (coronal) plane divides the body into anterior and posterior l Sagittal plane divides the body into left and right ¡Midsagittal divides the body exactly down the middle 8

Body Cavities l Body cavities are internal chambers holding vital organs l Two body cavities ¡Dorsal body cavity includes the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity ¡Ventral body cavity includes the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity 9

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Ventral body cavities • The ventral body cavities are lined by a double-layered membrane called serosa or serous membrane. – Visceral layer covers the organs – Parietal layer lines the body wall – A cavity is found between the two layers 11

Serous Membrane Relationship 12 Figure 1. 10 a

Thoracic Cavities l The thoracic cavity contains the heart and lungs. l It is subdivided into the left and right pleural cavities and the mediastinum ¡Each pleural cavity contains one lung l. Visceral and parietal pleura lines the cavity ¡The mediastinum contain the pericardial cavity for the heart l. Visceral and parietal pericardium lines the cavity 13

Abdominopelvic Cavity l The abdominopelvic cavity is lined by the peritoneum ¡Visceral ¡Parietal l. Peritoneal cavity between the two layers 14

Abdominopelvic Quadrants 15

Abdominal Regions 16

Other Body Cavities l Oral cavity l Nasal cavity l Orbital cavity l Middle ear cavity l Synovial cavities 17