Introduction to the biodiversity of Taiwan Natural history

Introduction to the biodiversity of Taiwan Natural history and exploration in Taiwan 臺灣的自然與探索拓殖史 Jer-Ming Hu 胡哲明 jmhu@ntu. edu. tw Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, NTU 本著作除另有註明外，採取創用CC「姓名標示－ 非商業性－相同方式分享」台灣 3. 0版授權釋出 Unless noted, the course materials are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-Non. Commercial-Share. Alike 3. 0 Taiwan (CC BY-NC-SA 3. 0)

NASA World Wind Version 1. 3. 5

The geography Land area: 13900 mi 2. (36000 m 2) Highest point: 12966 ft (3952 m) Mean ann rainfall: 2483 mm Average ann temp. : 73°F (23°C) NASA World Wind JAVA SDK

Paleogeography of the East Asia Formation of lands of Taiwan The latest connection between Taiwan and other area 0. 2 -0. 4 mya? The glacial periods Günz period: 1. 50 -1. 37 mya Mindel period: 1. 2 -1. 05 mya Würm period: 40 -32 mya Migration of animals and plants from adjacent regions China, Japan, the Philippines, etc. Highly influenced by migration/dispersal mechanisms

Common plant species between Taiwan and adjacent regions CHINA JAPAN 2374 spp. (58. 2%) TAIWAN 1701 spp. (41. 7%) Endemic to Taiwan: 1069 (26. 2%) 1205 spp. (29. 6%) PHILIPPI NES National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu Data from T. C. Huang et al. 2003. Flora of Taiwan, 2 nd edn. , Vol. 6. Editorial Committee of the Flora of Taiwan.

Geology in Taiwan National Taiwan University Herbarium Digital Archives Project.

Climate in Taiwan Tropics Subtropics Ann. Temp. NASA World Wind JAVA SDK Data from Central Weather Bureau Ann. Rain. Tan-sui 22. 2°C 2155 mm Chujihu 18. 6°C 4389 mm Su-ao 22. 6°C 4440 mm Hsinchu 22. 6°C 1718 mm Alisan 11. 2°C 3932 mm Yu-san 4. 2°C 3071 mm Chiayi 23. 1°C 1774 mm Kaohsiung 25. 1°C 1885 mm Henchun 25. 1°C 2022 mm Lanyu 22. 7°C 2980 mm

Average Temperature and Rainfall from 1981 to 2010 30 300 25 250 25 20 20 150 15 15 100 10 50 5 0 0 Month Hsinchu 250 mm 200 150 100 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 50 Rainfall 10 Ilan 5 0 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 250 30 25 20 15 100 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 °C 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Month NASA World Wind JAVA SDK National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu Data from Central Weather Bureau. 10 50 5 0 0 Month Hualian mm Taichung mm 35 200 Month 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 300 °C 300 15 mm Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 100 20 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 150 25 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 30 25 20 15 10 5 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 200 Temperature 30 °C 300 Month 0 °C 30 35 °C 350 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 35 mm 350 °C 35 mm Keelung 400 250 mm Danshui °C Taipei

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Temperature °C 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec mm Chiayi Rainfall Month 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 °C 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Taitung mm 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 °C 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec mm Tainan Month Lanyu Island Month 25 NASA World Wind JAVA SDK 20 15 10 5 Month 30 25 15 10 5 0 National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu Data from Central Weather Bureau. 0 °C 20 Month 30 °C 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec mm Hengchun 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec mm 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 °C 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec mm Kaohsiung

Natural survey in Taiwan

Colonization of Taiwan 1621 Before Dutch colonization 1661 1683 Ming (Chen) Ching 1895 Japanese colonization 1945 Current Pres. National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu Data from 陳正祥. 1959. 台灣地誌.

1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 Early settlement Westerner Japanese Current Natural survey in Taiwan National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu Data from 張靜宜，張麗芬. 2010. 台灣博物大調查. 吳永華. 1997. 被遺忘的日籍台灣植物學者. 1999. 台灣植物探險.

Early days (1624－1662) 1602 (明萬曆30年)Ti-Chen (陳第 【東番記】) Cutivated species of Rice (稻) sesame (胡麻) green onion (蔥) ginger (薑) sweet potato (番薯) sugarcane (甘蔗) coconut (椰子)

Westerners: before 1895

1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 A. Adams (1820 -1878, England; insects & bivalves) Robert Fortune (1812 -1880, England; plants in NT) Charles Wilford (-1893, England; plants) Robert Swinhoe (1836 -1877, England; various) G. L. Mackay (1844 -1901, England; various) Richard Oldham (England; plants) La Touche, J. D. D. (1861 -1935, England; animals) Natural survey before 1950 Life span Collecting period in Taiwan National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu Data from 吳永華. 1999. 台灣植物探險.

Robert Fortune (horticulturist from Scotland) Robert Fortune took the boat ‘Confucius’ from Fuchou (福州) to Tamshuy (淡水) at April 20, 1854 for a day. Making note of lily, rice paper plant (Tetrapanax papyrifera 蓪草). Lilium formosanum 臺灣百合 Flickr plj. johnny Tetrapanax papyrifera 蓪草 The Tea Thief Info: http: //www. imdb. com/title/tt 0458235/ Image: http: //www. roninfilms. com. au/imageviewer. html? photo=/images/large/466. jpg Flickr Bettaman

Robert Swinhoe (England, 1836 -1877) Robert Swinhoe worked as a consul in Taiwan and has great collections in 1856 -1866. He cataloged and named at least 227 new birds and 17 mammals, and many plants too. Robert Swinhoe ca. 1863

Map of Taiwan in 1864

Swinhoe took British boat ‘Inflexible’ circling the island of Taiwan and wanted to land Ching-shui, Hualien in 1858.

Takao in 1871. Phoenix hanceana (台灣海棗) can be seen on the seashore

Exploring lagoons near Kaohsiung by Swinhoe.

Noted contribution by R. Swinhoe Animals named by R. Swinhoe Porcula taivana (Formosan wild boar 台灣野豬) Macaca cyclopis (Taiwan rock macaque 台灣獼猴) Paguma larvata taivana (Taiwan gem-faced civet 白鼻心) Neofelis nebulosa brachyurus (Formosan cloud leopard 雲豹) Helictis subaurantiaca (Tree civet 鼬�) Talpa insularis (Formosan blind mole 台灣鼴鼠) Formosan cloud leopard Flickr icools

Noted contribution by Swinhoe Found or named after Swinhoe Lophura swinhoii (Swinhoe pheasant 藍腹鷴) Japalura swinhonis (Swinhoe’s tree lizard 斯文豪氏攀蜥) Rubus swinhoei Hance (Swinhoe rubus 斯氏懸鉤子) Sabia swinhoei Hemsl (Swinhoe’s sabia 台灣清風藤) Swinhoe Pheasant 藍腹鷴 Swinhoe’s tree lizard Wiki J. Patrick Fischer

Sabia swinhoei Hemsl 台灣清風藤 National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu

Richard Oldham (Royal Gardens, Kew) • Richard Oldham visited Tan-sui and Keelung, March. April, 1864, and collected over 600 species of plants. Now the specimens are deposited in Kew Garden, London • Oldham discovered 61 new plant species, e. g. • Saurauja oldhamii Hemsl. (水冬瓜) • Michelia compressa (Maxim. ) Sargent (烏心石) • Liquidambar formosana Hance (楓香) • Rhododendron oldhamii Maxim. (金毛杜鵑) • Chloranthus oldhamii Solms (臺灣及己) • Diospyros oldhamii Maxim. (俄氏柿)

Rhododendron oldhamii 金毛杜鵑 Picasa 曾坤發 Picasa 揚霖陳

Chloranthus oldhamii Solms 台灣及己 National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu

Liquidambar formosana Hance 楓香 First collected by Oldham in Tan-sui National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu Jstor Plant Science

Augustine Henry (Irish, doctor) • Augustine Henry stayed in Taiwan from 1892 -1895, mostly in Takao (Kaohsiung), Bankinsing (Wanchin 萬 金莊), and South Cape (今鵝鑾鼻) Wiki Chan-Pan Liao A. Henry (left) and H. Elwes Catholic church of Wanchin (now)

Augustine Henry • A. Henr collected more than 16000 plant specimens in southern China and Taiwan during 1881 -1889, and published more than 1000 new species. • Henry published “A List of Plants from Formosa” in 1896, including 1288 species. This is the major contribution to the flora of Taiwan. • There are 103 endemic species, all collected from mountain area. • Most of them are common to southern China and Japan. • Less connected to the Philippines and Australia.

1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 Tsunasuke Tada 多田綱輔 Yoneraro Kikuchi 菊池米太郎 Masamitsu Oshima 大島正滿 Yasusada Tashiro 田代安定 Bunzo Hayata 早田文藏 Kawakami Takiya 川上瀧彌 Yaichi Shimada島田彌市 Sasaki Syuniti 佐佐木舜一 Ryoso Kanehira金平亮三 Kano Tadao 鹿野忠雄 Yoshimatsu Yamamoto 山本由松 Botanic studies before 1950 Life span Period in Taiwan National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu Data from 吳永華. 1997. 被遺忘的日籍台灣植物學者. Yushun Kudo 藤祐舜 Genkei Masamune 正宗嚴敬

Yoneraro Kikuchi is the first person who collected the whole specimen of Mikado pheasant (帝雉) Wiki Snowyowls (photographer) / Jako (uploader) The type specimen of the pheasant comprises two tail feathers on the head-dress of an aboriginal people, collected in 1906 by Walter Goodfellow

Formosan landlocked salmon (Oncorhynchus masou formosanus 櫻花鉤吻鮭) was found by Masamitsu Oshima in 1935. Oncorhynchus masou Wiki Colinwen. tw

1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 Tsunasuke Tada 多田綱輔 Yoneraro Kikuchi 菊池米太郎 Masamitsu Oshima 大島正滿 Yasusada Tashiro 田代安定 Bunzo Hayata 早田文藏 Kawakami Takiya 川上瀧彌 Yaichi Shimada島田彌市 Sasaki Syuniti 佐佐木舜一 Ryoso Kanehira金平亮三 Kano Tadao 鹿野忠雄 Yushun Kudo 藤祐舜 Natural survey studies 1895 -1950 Life span Studying period in Taiwan National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu Data from 吳永華. 1997. 被遺忘的日籍台灣植物學者. Yoshimatsu Yamamoto 山本由松 Genkei Masamune 正宗嚴敬

Natural survey in Taiwan Japanese naturalists (1895 -1945) 1932. Transactions of the natural history society of Formosa, Vol. 22: No. 123. Syuniti Sasaki Yushun Kudo 藤祐舜 佐佐木舜一 Ryoso Kanehira 金平亮三 1948. Taiwania, Vol. 1: No. 1. Bunzo Hayata 早田文藏

Takiya Kawakami 川上瀧彌 (1871 -1915) • Director of the National Taiwan Museum from 19101915 • In charge of collection over the whole island of Taiwan 川上瀧彌 Takiya Kawakami 1925. Transactions of the natural history

Plant named after Kawakami National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu Excoecaria kawakamii Hayata (蘭嶼土沉香, Euphorbiaceae) National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu

Bunzo Hayata (早田文藏 1874 -1934) 1906 published ‘Enumeratio Plantarum Formosanarum’ 「台 灣植物名錄」(with 松村任三) 1908 published ‘Flora Montana Formosae’ 「台灣高山植物誌 」 1911 published Icones Plantarum Formosanarum 「臺灣植 物圖譜」 Recorded 170 families, 1197 genera, and 3568 species

Taiwania cryptomerioides Hayata 台灣杉 Flickr plj. johnny

Yushun Kudo 藤祐舜 (1887 -1932) • Director of the herbarium at Taihoku Imperial University at 1929 1932. Transactions of the natural history society of Formosa, Vol. 22: No. 123. Yushun Kudo 藤祐舜 NTU at 1931 National Taiwan University Library Database of Taiwanese Old photos

NTU herbarium (TAI) National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu

Ryoso Kanehira 金平亮三 (1882 -1948) Ryoso Kanehira 金平亮三 National Taiwan University Herbarium Digital Archives Project. National Taiwan University Library Database of Taiwanese Old photos

Plant named after Kanehira Mitrastema yamamotoi var. kanehirai (菱形奴草, Mitrastemonaceae) National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu

Syuniti Sasaki 佐佐木舜一 (1888 -1961) • Published ‘List of Plants of Formosa’ in 1928, including plants of: • 185 families • 1121 genera • 3265 species Syuniti Sasaki 佐佐木舜一

Plant named by Sasaki Astragalus nankotaizanensis Sasaki (南湖大山紫雲英, Fabaceae) National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu

Yoshimatsu Yamamoto 山本由松(1893 -1947) • 1928 Assistant Professor, Taihoku Imp. Univ. • 1933 -34 Studied in the US and UK • 1934 Published Supplementa Iconum Plantarum Formosanarum ‘續台灣植物圖 譜’ 1948. Taiwania, Vol. 1: No. 1. National Taiwan University Herbarium Digital Archives Project.

Epilobium nankotaizanense Yamamoto 南湖大山柳葉菜 Flickr ECOgarden National Taiwan University Herbarium Digital Archives Project.

Genkei Masamune (正宗嚴敬 1899 -1993) 1936 published An enumeration of higher cryptogamic and phanerogamic plants hitherto known from the island of Formosa and its adjacent islands 「最新台灣植物總目錄 」 1954 published Flora Kaianantensis Morning Star Publishing Inc. National Taiwan University Herbarium Digital Archives Project.

Type specimen localities from records in TAI National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu

Flora of Taiwan (台灣植物誌) Editorial committee of the first edition (1975 -1979): De Vol (棣慕華), Tang-shui Liu, H. L. Li (李惠林), Tetsuo Koyama (小山鐵夫), T. C. Huang (黃 增泉) Editorial committee of the second edition (1994 -2003): T. C. Huang (黃增泉), W. C. Hsieh (謝萬權), W. P. Yang (楊遠波), C. F. Hsieh (謝長 富), C. I Peng (彭鏡毅), C. S. Kuo (郭長生), H. C. Su (蘇鴻傑) National Taiwan Universtiy Tseng-Chieng Huang

Copyright Declaration Work Licensing Author/Source NASA World Wind Version 1. 3. 5 http: //prdownloads. sourceforge. net/nasa-exp/World_Wind_1. 3. 5_Full. exe? download 2011/10/3 visited Note: The original work is from World Wind Java SDK: http: //worldwind. arc. nasa. gov/java/ It is used subject to the fair use doctrine of: NASA Web Privacy Policy and Photo Guidelines Wiki Jeff Schmaltz, MODIS Rapid Response Team, NASA/GSFC http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Taiwan_NASA_Terra_MODIS_23791. jpg 2011/09/26 visited NASA World Wind JAVA SDK http: //goworldwind. org/demos/ 2011/10/3 visited Note: The original work is from World Wind Java SDK: http: //worldwind. arc. nasa. gov/java/ It is used subject to the fair use doctrine of: NASA Web Privacy Policy and Photo Guidelines National Taiwan University Kuo-Yen Wei National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu Data from T. C. Huang et al. 2003. Flora of Taiwan, 2 nd edn. , Vol. 6. Editorial Committee of the Flora of Taiwan. National Taiwan University Herbarium Digital Archives Project. http: //tai 2. ntu. edu. tw/ebookimages/Flora%20 of%20 Taiwan(2 nd)/Flora%201/pdf/Flora_2_I 0004. pdf 2011/12/19 visited It is used subject to the fair use doctrine of: • Taiwan Copyright Act Articles 52 & 65 • National Taiwan University Herbarium Digital Archives Project copyright statement

Work Licensing Author/Source NASA World Wind JAVA SDK http: //goworldwind. org/demos/ 2011/10/3 visited Note: The original work is from World Wind Java SDK: http: //worldwind. arc. nasa. gov/java/ It is used subject to the fair use doctrine of: NASA Web Privacy Policy and Photo Guidelines National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu Data from Central Weather Bureau. Wiki Johannes Vingboons http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Formosa_Map. jpg 2011/10/11 Wiki user: M 2545 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Sea. Witch_china. jpg 2011/10/20 visited Wiki user: Adam sk http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Robert. Fortune. gif 2011/10/11 visited Wiki Sasaki http: //ja. wikipedia. org/wiki/ファイル: Bunzō_Hayata. JPG 2011/10/21 visited Wiki user: Nyttend, Skier Dude. http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Henry_%26_Elwes. jpg 2011/10/25 visited National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu Data from 陳正祥. 1959. 台灣地誌.

Work Licensing Author/Source National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu Data from 張靜宜，張麗芬. 2010. 台灣博物大調查. 吳永華. 1997. 被遺忘的日 籍台灣植物學者. 1999. 台灣植物探險. J. van Braam http: //subtpg. gov. tw/web-life/taiwan/9702 -01. htm 2011/10/21 visited Wiki user: Valérie 75 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Swinhoe_Robert_1836 -1877. png 2011/10/11 visited Robert Swinhoe 1864. Notes on the island of Formosa. Journal of the Royal Geographical Society 34: p. 6. http: //www. jstor. org/stable/1798463 National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu Data from 吳永華. 1999. 台灣植物探險. Flickr plj. johnny http: //www. flickr. com/photos/plj/935899205/sizes/l/in/photostream/ 2011/10/11 visited Flickr Bettaman http: //www. flickr. com/photos/bettaman/4570912951/sizes/o/in/set-72157623851206781/ 2011/10/11 visited Robert Swinhoe 1864. Notes on the island of Formosa. Journal of the Royal Geographical Society 34: p. 6. http: //www. jstor. org/stable/1798463 2011/10/11 visited Frederick Le Breton Bedwell. 1902. On the east coast of Formosa - Attacked by savages. In William Blakeney, On the coasts of Cathay and Cipango forty years ago. London: Elliot Stock, 1902, p. 75. http: //www. archive. org/stream/oncoastscathaya 00 blakgoog#page/n 116/mode/2 up 2011/10/11 visited

Work Licensing Author/Source Wellcome Images Photographed by John Thomson http: //images. wellcome. ac. uk/indexplus/image/L 0056431. html 2011/10/26 visited Edmund Hornby Grimani 1890. Canoeing at Takow, Formosa. In Illustrated London News Vol. 96, No. 2651 (8 February 1890): 181. http: //academic. reed. edu/formosa/gallery/image_pages/London. News/ln 96 p 181 canoeing_S. html 2011/10/11 visited Flickr icools http: //www. flickr. com/photos/icools/2698952823/sizes/l/in/photostream/ 2011/12/15 visited Wiki J. Patrick Fischer http: //zh. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: A_lizard_in_Taiwan_2. JPG 2011/12/15 visited Alexander Francis Lydon http: //www. takaoclub. com/swinhoe/ornithology. htm 2011/10/11 visited National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu Picasa 曾坤發 https: //picasaweb. google. com/lh/view? q=%E 9%87%91%E 6%AF%9 B%E 6%9 D%9 C%E 9%B 5%91&uname=1129720574 94130280024&psc=G&filter=1&imglic=creative_commons#5268941561294222738 2011/12/15 visited Picasa 揚霖陳 https: //picasaweb. google. com/lh/view? q=%E 9%87%91%E 6%AF%9 B%E 6%9 D%9 C%E 9%B 5%91&uname=1129720574 94130280024&psc=G&filter=1&imglic=creative_commons#5458406827445511250 2011/12/15 visited National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu

Work Licensing Author/Source National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu Jstor Plant Science http: //plants. jstor. org/specimen/bm 000753002 2011/12/15 visited It is used subject to the fair use doctrine of: • Articles 52 & 65 of Taiwan Copyright Act. • Jstor Terms and Conditions of Use National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu Wiki user: Nyttend, Skier Dude. http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Henry_%26_Elwes. jpg 2011/10/25 visited Wiki Chan-Pan Liao http: //zh. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Catholic_Church_of_Wanchin_front_external. JPG 2011/12/15 visited National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu Wiki Snowyowls (photographer) / Jako (uploader) http: //zh. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Mikado_Pheasant_398. jpg 2011/12/15 visited Wiki Colinwen. tw http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Fp 00224. jpg 2011/12/15 visited Wiki User: Vineyard http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Yamame. jpg 2011/12/15 visited

Work Licensing Author/Source 1932. Transactions of the natural history society of Formosa, Vol. 22: No. 123. It is used subject to the fair use doctrine of: • Articles 52 & 65 of Taiwan Copyright Act. Syuniti Sasaki 1938. Miscellaneous. The Journal of Japanese Botany, Vol. 14: No. 10, p. 692 -704. National Taiwan University Library Database of Taiwanese Old photos（臺灣大學總圖書館） http: //photo. lib. ntu. edu. tw/pic/db/detail. jsp? dtd_id=32&id=35331&86&pk=seq&showlevel=2 2011/10/27 visited Note 1. Wiki Sasaki http: //ja. wikipedia. org/wiki/ファイル: Bunzō_Hayata. JPG 2011/10/21 visited 1948. Taiwania, Vol. 1: No. 1. It is used subject to the fair use doctrine of: • Articles 52 & 65 of Taiwan Copyright Act. Takiya Kawakami 1910. A List of Plants of Formosa. 著作者川上瀧彌。川上瀧彌生卒年 18717 -1915。出版年 1910與生卒年都大於 50年，判斷為公共財。 1925. Transactions of the natural history society of Formosa, Vol. 15: No. 79, 80. It is used subject to the fair use doctrine of: • Articles 52 & 65 of Taiwan Copyright Act. Note 1: National Taiwan University Library 使用注意事項: http: //photo. lib. ntu. edu. tw/pic/image_new/manual. htm 也有電洽對方，對方口頭告知我們可以合理使用。

Work Licensing Author/Source National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu Bunzo Hayata 1921. Icones Plantarum Formosanarum, Vol 10 Flickr plj. johnny http: //www. flickr. com/photos/plj/3504564827/sizes/l/in/photostream/ 2011/10/21 visited Bunzo Hayata 1906. On Taiwania, a new genus of Coniferae from the island of Formosa. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany. 37: p. 330 -331. http: //onlinelibrary. wiley. com/doi/10. 1111/j. 1095 -8339. 1906. tb 00842. x/pdf 2011/10/27 visited National Taiwan University Library Database of Taiwanese Old photos（臺灣大學總圖書館） http: //photo. lib. ntu. edu. tw/pic/db/detail. jsp? dtd_id=32&id=29329&2&pk=seq&showlevel=2 2011/10/27 visited Note 1: National Taiwan University Library 使用注意事項: http: //photo. lib. ntu. edu. tw/pic/image_new/manual. htm 也有電洽對方，對方口頭告知我們可以合理使用。

Work Licensing Author/Source National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu National Taiwan University Herbarium Digital Archives Project. http: //tai 2. ntu. edu. tw/ebookpage. php? book=Tr. %20 Taiwan&volume=0&page=i It is used subject to the fair use doctrine of: • Taiwan Copyright Act Articles 52 & 65 • National Taiwan University Herbarium Digital Archives Project copyright statement National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu Syuniti Sasaki (佐佐木舜一) 1928. Lists of Plants of Formosa. National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu National Taiwan University Herbarium Digital Archives Project. http: //tai 2. ntu. edu. tw/ebook. php? ebook=Suppl. %20 Icon. %20 Pl. %20 Formos. It is used subject to the fair use doctrine of: • Taiwan Copyright Act Articles 52 & 65 • National Taiwan University Herbarium Digital Archives Project copyright statement National Taiwan University Herbarium Digital Archives Project. http: //tai 2. ntu. edu. tw/ebookpage. php? volume=2&book=Suppl. %20 Icon. %20 Pl. %20 Formos. &page=29 It is used subject to the fair use doctrine of: • Taiwan Copyright Act Articles 52 & 65 • National Taiwan University Herbarium Digital Archives Project copyright statement National Taiwan University Herbarium Digital Archives Project. http: //tai 2. ntu. edu. tw/ebookpage. php? book=Suppl. %20 Icon. %20 Pl. %20 Formos. &volume=2&page=46 It is used subject to the fair use doctrine of: • Taiwan Copyright Act Articles 52 & 65 • National Taiwan University Herbarium Digital Archives Project copyright statement

Work Licensing Author/Source Flickr ECOgarden http: //www. flickr. com/photos/ecogarden/25154186/sizes/l/in/photostream/ 2011/12/15 visited Yung-hua Wu. Portraits of the Forgotten Japanese-Taiwanese Botanists. Taichung City：Morning Star Publishing Inc. 吳永華. 1997. 被遺忘的日籍台灣植物學者. 晨星出版社. P 435 This work is licensed by Morning Star Publishing Inc. （晨星出版社）for the use of “The Biodiversity of Taiwan” course ONLY. It is used subject to the fair use doctrine of: • Taiwan Copyright Act Articles 52 & 65 National Taiwan University Herbarium Digital Archives Project. http: //tai 2. ntu. edu. tw/ebook. php? ebook=Kudoa It is used subject to the fair use doctrine of: • Taiwan Copyright Act Articles 52 & 65 • National Taiwan University Herbarium Digital Archives Project copyright statement National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu National Taiwan Universtiy Tseng-Chieng Huang This work is licensed by Tseng-Chieng Huang for the use of “The Biodiversity of Taiwan” course ONLY. The copyright belongs to the above mentioned entity and GET does not have the authorization right. Copyright privileges have to be negotiated with the copyright owner(s) for separately Taiwan Forestry Research Institute This work is licensed by Taiwan Forestry Research Institute for the use of “The Biodiversity of Taiwan” course ONLY. The copyright belongs to the above mentioned entity and GET does not have the authorization right. Copyright privileges have to be negotiated with the copyright owner(s) for separately