Introduction to Textile Fibers By Dr Jyoty AngotraLecturer

Introduction to Textile Fibers By: Dr. Jyoty Angotra(Lecturer) Govt. Degree College, Poonch

Introduction to Textile Fibers �The word textile is derived from the Latin word ' 'texere" which means to weave. �Fibers which are used for manufacturing clothes for various purposes are known as textile fibers. �India is the second largest producer of fibre in the world and mainly produced in India is: cotton.

Classification of Fibers on the Basis of Length According to the length, fibers are classified as: �Staple Fibers: Staple is the name given to fibers of limited length e. g. Cotton. �Filament fibers: Filament is the name of given to fibre of continuous length. E. g. , silk.

Classification of Fibers on the Basis of Origin According to the origin of textile fiber, it is classified as: �Man-made fiber: Man-made fibre is defined as the fibre that is made artificially such as polyester or rayon rather than occurring naturally. �Natural Fibre: Natural fibre is defined as substance produced by plant and animals that can be spun into Filament, thread or rope and further be woolen.

Types of Fibers �Fibers Broadly classify into 2 types and the sub-types: 1. Natural fibers 2. Man made fibers (a)Vegetable fiber (a) Regenerated “or” (b)Animal fiber artificial fiber (c)Mineral fiber (b)Synthetic fiber

Natural Fiber Vegetable fiber: Cotton, Flax, Jute, Hemp Cotton: Production- China is the largest producer of cotton in the world. India ranks 2 nd position after china. In India Gujarat is the largest cotton producing state. Common name- Cotton balls The fruit of a cotton plant is known as cotton balls. Cotton is a soft, fluffy stable fibre that grows in a ball, or protective case, around the seeds of the cotton plants. Uses: For making clothes etc

Natural(Vegetable fiber) Jute: �Production- India is the largest producer of jute followed by china and Bangladesh. India produces about 61% of total jute production in the world. West Bengal is the largest jute producing state �Jute is obtained from the stem of jute plant It is long Soft shiny vegetables fibre that can be spun into coarse and strong threads. Jute fibers are composed primarily of the plant material cellulose and lignin. �Uses: The fibers are also woven into curtains, Chair covering, Carpets etc

Natural(Vegetable Fiber) Flax: Production- India ranks 3 rd in producing flax. Madhya Pradesh is the leading state in producing Flax �Flax is also known as common Flax or linseed. It is cultivated in cooler region of the world. Flax fibers are taken from the stem of the plant and are two to three times as strong those of cotton. Flax fibers are naturally smooth, straight, soft, flexible. �Uses: Flax Forbes is also a raw material for the high quality paper industry for the use of printed banknotes and rolling paper for cigarettes and tea bags

Natural(Vegetable Fiber) Hemp: Production- China is the largest producer of hemp. India ranks 2 nd in production of hemp and Kerala are the leading state in India in the production of hemp. �It has been produced for thousands of years as a source of fibre for paper. cloth, building material etc. natural fibers from hump stalk is extremely durable �Uses: It can be used in the production of textile, clothing, rope, paper and construction materials.

Natural(Animal fiber) Wool: Production- According to International wool textile organization congress in 2014 -15 shows that Australia, China and U. S. A are on the top of the world for wool production. India is the 7 th largest producer of wool. Rajasthan is the leading state in the production of wool and produces 44% of total production in India. �Uses: Used for making clothes.

Natural(Animal fiber) Silk: �Production- China is the leading producers of silk in the world. India is second largest country silk producer in the world. Karnataka is the largest producer of raw silk in India. Silk is called as "Queen of textile". Silk is obtained from insect Bombyx mori (mulberry silk worm). �Some non-mulberry silkworms also produce silk namely Tasar, Eri and Muga silk. � Uses: Silk is used in clothing, crafting in making shawls and other valuable products

Natural(Mineral Fibers) Asbestos: Production- Russia is the largest producer of asbestos in the world. India ranks fifth position in the producing of asbestos. Andhra Pradesh is the largest producer of asbestos in India. Asbestos is the set of six naturally occurring silicate minerals. Asbestos fibres are strong, heat and chemical. Uses: It doesn’t evaporate into the air or dissolve in water. Such properties make it ideal for use in boils pipes, use in ceiling and floor tiles etc.

Man-Made Fibers Artificially or regenerated fibers: Viscose, Acetate Artificially fibers are obtained by processing natural raw material: Polyester, Nylon

Man-Made( Artificial or regenerated fibers) Viscose: Viscose fibre is made from cellulose from wood pulp, by treating the cellulose compound with sodium hydroxide and carbon disulphide. �Uses: The viscose solution formed is used to spin the fibre used in dress, linings, shirts, Coats, jackets and other wear. It is also used in the industrial yarns and carpets.

Man-Made( Artificial or regenerated fibers) � Acetate: Acetate fibre is one of earliest synthetic fibre and is base on cotton or tree pulp cellulose. It was invented by two Swiss brothers' Camelli and Henri Dreyfrud in Switzerland. �Uses: Acetate is very valuable manufactured fibre that is low in cost and has good draping qualities

Man-Made( Synthetic fibers) �Polyester: Polyester is synthetic polymer made of purified "terephthalic acid" for its dimethyl ester (Dinethyl esper phthalate and monoethylene glycol). �Uses: Fabric woven or knitted from polyester thread or yarn are used extensively in apparel and home furnishing, shirts, pents, jackets, hats, bed sheets, blankets etc. Polyester is also use to make bottles, films, filters. Polyester is widely used as finish on high quality wood products such as guitars, pianos and vehicle.

Man-Made( Synthetic fibers) Nylon: Nylon is one of the most commonly used polymers, first used commercially in nylon bristles toothbrush (1938). Nylon is condensation polymer formed by reacting equal part of adenine and dicarboxylic of each monomer. �Uses: Nylon fibers are used in package papers, carpets, musical strings, pipes, rope etc. Nylon is highly resistant to insects, fungi, animals and many chemical used in carpets.

Importance of Natural Fibers �Natural fibers are healthy choice: Most people known natural fibers provide natural ventilation. Wool garments acts as insulators against both cold and heat coconut fibers used is mattresses have natural resistance to fungus and mites hemp fibers has anti bacterial properties and studies have shown mat lines is most hygiene textile for hospital bed sheets. � Natural fibers are high-tech choice: Natural fibers have good mechanical strength, low weight and low cost. � Friendly processing, no wear of tooling, no skin irritation.

Importance of Manmade Fibers � Manmade fibers are durable: Manmade fibers are made by following a technical process and that is why this kind of textile fibre is comparatively durable � Dimensionally stable: Natural fibers are not stable like manmade fibers. So, commercially the demand of man-made fibers is huge. � Strength: this fibre is more stable strength than natural fibers. � Low cost: As the entire chemical and raw material is available all time in any season; the ultimate cost of manmade fibre is less. �Better elongation proprieties. �The raw material that is used to produce man-made fibre is specified.

Advantages of Silk Fiber Among all natural fibers like cotton, wool, asbestos etc. , the silk is called as "the Queen of textile. �Silk is the only fibre that has to spin before it is woven as. �Silk is the strongest natural fibre known. �It is a natural temperature regulator, helping the body retain heat in cold weather and expel heat in warm conditions. �Silk is hypo-allergenic; it does not attract dust mites and is a natural fungal repellent. �Silk is wrinkle and tear resistant, and dries quickly.

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