Introduction to Science The Scientific Method Omega Science

Introduction to Science: The Scientific Method Omega Science

What is Science? n The process of observing natural events and conditions in order to discover facts and formulate laws or principles that can be verified or tested to use for mankind.

Example: Physical Science n The scientific study of non-living matter. n Chemistry n The study of all forms of matter, including how matter interacts with other matter. n Physics n The study of energy and how it affects matter.

The Scientific Method The step-by-step way in which scientists answer questions. n n 1. State the problem in a question. n n Research the topic. 2. Form a hypothesis. 3. Test the Hypothesis. n n Observe a problem, or something you want explained. Gather Data. 4. Analyze Results. 5. Draw Conclusions. n Communicate Results.

State the Problem/Questions n n The observation identifies what you want to find out. Develop a clear statement defining the problem n n Make sure your problem is specific enough. State the problem in the form of a question: n How does _____ affect _______? n What is the effect of fertilizer on plant growth?

Research n n Write down all information you already know Do research in books or online on the topic you are investigating. Research the experts on the subject you are wondering about. If you find an answer to your problem/question you’re done!

What is a hypothesis? An attempted explanation that is based on prior scientific research or observations that can be tested. n “Educated Guess” ( your teacher may not like this definition) n “If… then… because” Statement If I add fertilizer then……. . n

How do you test a hypothesis? n Develop a test to prove your hypothesis. This is your experiment. Must be run multiple times n Must have only ONE independent variable -the thing being tested by your hypothesis n Must include 2 versions. n n Experimental n Control setup

How do you test a hypothesis? n Use a Controlled Experiment n An experiment that tests only one factor at a time n by comparing a control group and an experimental group. n A good experiment has a: n Control Group n Experimental Group

Control Group n The group that the scientist changes nothing in. The Control group is used for comparison. No FERTILIZER

Experimental Group n The group that the scientist has changed something, the variable in the experiment that you are testing. Added FERTILIZER

What is a variable? n A variable is something that can change (or vary) a system, either naturally or on purpose. n In an experiment it is a factor that is different from one group to another. n Fertilizer n There are two types. n Independent variable n Dependent Variable

Independent variable n The factor that the scientist has changed in order to test the hypothesis (on purpose). It is the cause. n Ie. How much fertilizer I add to a plant.

Dependent Variable n The result of what the scientist changed that is measured. n It is the measured effect of what happened in the experiment due to the independent variable. n How much more the plant grew due to the fertilizer.

What are constants? n They are what the scientist kept the same in both the control group and the experimental group. n To be fair and consistent, we try to keep all parts of an experiment constant except the variable. .

How can you gather data? n Make Observations. n Any use of the senses to gather information. n Qualitative Observations QUALITY n Quantitative Observations QUANTITY

n Qualitative Observations = n quality Anything that you see, smell, touch, taste, or hear. n Ex. The plants were greener, n healthier

n Quantitative Observations = quantity n Any observation that can be measured. n Must n include a number. Ex. 5 centimeters taller

How can you analyze results to determine patterns? n n Record Data n Write observations and measurements n Be consistent when you are checking your experiments and recording the results n Create tables or charts (Data Tables and Pie Charts) Create graphs from collected Data (Line Graphs, Bar Graphs) n Complete all necessary mathematical calculations

How can you draw conclusions? n Answer the following questions in paragraph form (Always explain in detail using scientific vocabulary. ): Do your results/data support your hypothesis? Why or why not? n What are ways you can improve your data? n What would you do differently if you were to repeat the experiment? n

What is in a conclusion? You restate the purpose of your experiment n You indicate what the results were. Use numbers!!!!! Example: “On average after 3 trials, ……. ” n You explain why those results were given. Here you think about what you found out in your research. n You consider any improvements to your procedure. This is error analysis. n You ask a new question – what do you n

How would you communicate results? n n Share data and information with others, such as scientists. Publish your findings in a book, magazine, journal, the internet.

Let’s try! n n n Six bean plants are to be tested to see what happens if light is taken away. The all have the same type of container, the same amount of soil, and they will receive the same amount of water. Three will be placed in a sunlit window and 3 will be placed in a dark closet for 2 weeks. 1. What is the question? 2. Research. 3. Form a Hypothesis. 4. Test your hypothesis.

Let’s try continued… n n n n What is the control group? What is the experimental group? What is the independent variable? What is the dependent variable? What are the constants? Gather data. What are some Qualitative observations you can make? What are some quantitative observations you can make?

Let’s try continued…again. n Analyze results. n How can you show your results? n Draw Conclusions? n How do you write a conclusion paragraph?

What are scientific models? n Model n A representation of an object or system. n Physical Models n Mathematical Models n Conceptual Models

What is the difference between a scientific theory and a scientific law? n Theory n n An explanation that ties together many hypotheses and observations. Supported by repeated trials. May help with further predictions. Tells why it happens. n Law n n n A summary of many experimental results and observations. Tells how things work Only tells what happens, it does not explain why.