INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY MIND CONSCIOUSNESS AND ALTERNATE STATES

INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY MIND, CONSCIOUSNESS, AND ALTERNATE STATES

CHAPTER 5 JOURNAL • WHAT IS CONSCIOUSNESS? • WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO BE CONSCIOUS? • WHAT IS AN ALTERED STATE OF CONSCIOUSNESS?

CHAPTER 5 VOCABULARY 1. CONSCIOUSNESS 2. STREAM OF CONSCIOUSNESS 3. CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS 4. SLOW WAVE SLEEP 5. REM SLEEP 6. INSOMNIA 7. SLEEP APNEA 8. NIGHTMARES 16. ACTIVATION-SYNTHESIS MODEL OF DREAMING 17. HYPNOSIS 18. ANALGESIA 19. DISSOCIATION 20. MEDITATION 21. PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS 22. NARCOTICS / OPIATES (KNOW EXAMPLES) 9. SLEEP TERRORS 23. DEPRESSANTS / SEDATIVES (KNOW EXAMPLES) 10. SOMNAMBULISM 24. STIMULANTS (KNOW EXAMPLES) 11. FREUDIAN THEORY OF DREAMING 25. HALLUCINOGENS (KNOW EXAMPLES) 12. MANIFEST CONTENT 26. MDMA 13. LATENT CONTENT 27. DEA DRUG SCHEDULING 14. DREAM WORK 28. TOLERANCE 15. NARCOLEPSY 29. PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE

CONSCIOUSNESS • CONSCIOUSNESS: A STATE OF AWARENESS OF INTERNAL EVENTS AND THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT • INCLUDES: PERCEPTIONS, THOUGHTS, FEELINGS, IMAGES, DESIRES • SENSE OF SELF: THE EXPERIENCE OF WATCHING YOURSELF FROM A PRIVILEGED “INSIDER” POSITION • DO ALL ORGANISMS HAVE CONSCIOUSNESS? • AND HOW CAN WE TELL? • DO ALL HUMANS HAVE CONSCIOUSNESS? • AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY (AGE 3) • MENTAL TIME TRAVEL (AGE 4) • THEORY OF MIND (AGE 5)

CAN WE CREATE CONSCIOUSNES S?

CONSCIOUSNESS • NONCONSCIOUS: NOT TYPICALLY AVAILABLE TO CONSCIOUSNESS OR MEMORY • AUTONOMIC PROCESSES SUCH AS BREATHING, DIGESTING, HEART RATE • PRECONSCIOUS MEMORY: MEMORY THAT IS NOT CURRENTLY CONSCIOUS BUT CAN EASILY BE CALLED INTO CONSCIOUSNESS WHEN NECESSARY • A LIBRARY OF BOTH FACTUAL AND PERSONAL MEMORIES THAT OPERATES IN THE BACKGROUND; CAN BE ACTIVATED AT ANY TIME • THE UNCONSCIOUS: COMPLETELY INACCESSIBLE MEMORIES, THOUGHTS, MOTIVES, OR IDEAS THAT INFLUENCE BEHAVIOR

CONSCIOUSNESS • FUNCTIONALISM: THE STUDY OF THE FUNCTION OF CONSCIOUSNESS; PIONEERED BY WILLIAM JAMES • SURVIVAL (BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE): CONSCIOUSNESS AIDS IN PLANNING, SELECTING AND ATTENDING TO ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI, AND SELECTIVE STORAGE. • IF CONSCIOUSNESS WAS EVOLUTIONARILY DERIVED, WOULD IT BE UNIQUELY HUMAN? • CONSTRUCTION OF REALITY (SOCIOCULTURAL): CONSCIOUSNESS ALLOWS FOR THE PERSONAL AND CULTURAL CONSTRUCTION OF REALITY; PEOPLE FROM DIFFERENT CULTURES HAVE WAYS OF THINKING ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENT AND EXPERIENCES DIFFERENTLY. • COLLECTIVITISTIC V. INDIVIDUALISTIC CULTURES

SLEEP • SLEEP: A NATURALLY RECURRING STATE OF MIND AND BODY CHARACTERIZED BY ALTERED CONSCIOUSNESS, RELATIVELY INHIBITED SENSORY ACTIVITY, INHIBITION OF VOLUNTARY MUSCLES, AND REDUCED INTERACTIONS WITH SURROUNDINGS. • GROWTH, MAINTENANCE, AND REPAIR OF THE BODY • MEMORY CONSOLIDATION AND MENTAL RECUPERATION • CIRCADIAN RHYTHM: AN INTERNAL CLOCK THAT REGULATES AROUSAL LEVELS, METABOLISM, HEART RATE, BODY TEMPERATURE, AND HORMONAL ACTIVITY • USES EXTERNAL TIME CUES (CLOCKS, SUNLIGHT) • PROBLEMS OCCUR WHEN THE CIRCADIAN RHYTHM IS NOT ALIGNED WITH THESE EXTERNAL CUES • NON-24 SLEEP DISORDER IN THE BLIND • NIGHT SHIFT WORKERS • JET LAG

STAGES OF SLEEP

SLEEP • RAPID EYE MOVEMENT (REM): STAGE OF SLEEP WHERE DREAMS OCCUR • USUALLY ACCOMPANIED BY SKELETAL MUSCLE PARALYSIS (AKA SLEEP PARALYSIS) • BRAIN WAVES IN REM SLEEP ARE SIMILAR TO THOSE WHEN YOU ARE AWAKE • REM SLEEP OCCURS FOR ABOUT 10 MINUTES EVERY 90 MINUTES OF SLEEP • FOR SOME REASON, REM SLEEP IS INCREDIBLE IMPORTANT FOR MEMORY CONSOLIDATION AND COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING • EXTENDED DEPRIVATION OF REM SLEEP MAY RESULT IN HYPNAGOGNIC HALLUCINATIONS

SLEEP DISORDERS • INSOMNIA: CHRONIC FAILURE TO GET ADEQUATE SLEEP • INCLUDES THE INABILITY TO FALL ASLEEP, FREQUENT AWAKENINGS, AND EARLY MORNING WAKING • NARCOLEPSY: DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY SUDDEN AND IRRESISTIBLE INSTANCES OF SLEEPINESS DURING THE DAYTIME • USUALLY ACCOMPANIED BY CATAPLEXY • CAN BE BROUGHT ON BY EXCITATION, ANGER, FEAR, ETC • NARCOLEPTICS TYPICALLY GO INTO REM SLEEP ALMOST IMMEDIATELY

SLEEP DISORDERS • SLEEP APNEA: AN UPPERRESPIRATORY OR NEUROLOGICAL CONDITION IN WHICH THE PERSON STOPS BREATHING WHILE ASLEEP. • WHEN THE PERSON STOPS BREATHING, THE BODY SUDDENLY AWAKENS IN ORDER TO RESUME BREATHING

SLEEP DISORDERS • SOMNAMBULISM: SLEEPWALKING • ASSOCIATED WITH NREM SLEEP • MORE PREVALENT IN CHILDREN • ADULTS TAKING CERTAIN MEDICATION (TYPICALLY SLEEPING MEDS LIKE AMBIEN) CAN ENGAGE IN ALL KINDS OF ROUTINE BEHAVIOR WHILE SLEEPING; SLEEPWALKING, SLEEP-EATING, SLEEP-DRIVING, & SLEEP-SEX • IT IS SAFE TO WAKE A SLEEPWALKING PERSON

SLEEP DISORDERS • NIGHTMARES: WHEN A DREAM IS FRIGHTENING AND MAKES YOU FEEL OUT OF CONTROL • MOST PEOPLE REPOST 6 -10 NIGHTMARES A YEAR • PEOPLE WHO HAVE EXPERIENCES TRAUMATIC EVENTS TEND TO HAVE REPETITIVE NIGHTMARES THAT MAKE THEM RELIVE THE EXPERIENCE • PTSD • SLEEP / NIGHT TERRORS: • OCCURS WHEN A PERSON SUDDENLY WAKES IN A STATE OF EXTREME AROUSAL, OFTEN MARKED BY SCREAMING. • OCCUR IN NREM SLEEP • PERSON TYPICALLY DOES NOT REMEMBER THE DREAM • MOST FREQUENT IN CHILDREN

SLEEP AND DREAMS • DREAM ANALYSIS • MOST CULTURES BELIEVE THAT THE CONTENT OF DREAMS HAS SIGNIFICANCE. • FREUDIAN DREAM ANALYSIS: • LATENT CONTENT: HIDDEN MEANING • MANIFEST CONTENT: DREAM REPRESENTATION • DREAM WORK: THE DISTORTION PROCESS OF CONVERTING LATENT CONTENT TO MANIFEST CONTENT • CONTEMPORARY DREAM ANALYSIS: • DREAM CONTENT IS INFLUENCED BY WAKING EXPERIENCES • THE INVOLVEMENT OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND AMYGDALA SUGGEST THAT MEMORIES AND EMOTIONS ARE ACTIVATED • DREAMS-FOR-SURVIVAL THEORY • ACTIVATION-SYNTHESIS THEORY

HYPNOSIS • HYPNOSIS IS REAL, BUT ONLY TO THOSE WHO ARE HYPNOTIZABLE • BEGINS WITH RELAXATION AND CONCENTRATION EXERCISES • PLACEBO EFFECT? • THE HYPNOTIC STATE IS ONE OF DEEP RELAXATION AND FOCUS ON A PARTICULAR STIMULUS OR EVENT • PEOPLE UNDER HYPNOSIS CAN EXPERIENCE PERCEPTUAL AND MOTOR ABNORMALITIES UNDER SUGGESTION • HYPNOSIS RELIES MORE ON THE CLIENT THAN IT DOES ON THE HYPNOTIST • 20% OF PEOPLE CANNOT BE HYPNOTIZED AT ALL

HYPNOSIS • HYPNOSIS CAN BE USED TO: • MANAGE PAIN • RECOVER MEMORIES • UNDER SUGGESTION, FALSE MEMORIES MAY BE CREATED • COPE WITH STRESS • HYPNOSIS IS LARGELY A PLACEBO

MEDITATION • MEDITATION: A FAMILY OF PRACTICES THAT TRAIN ATTENTION TO HEIGHTEN AWARENESS AND BRING MENTAL PROCESSES UNDER GREATER VOLUNTARY CONTROL • ROOTED IN VARIOUS WORLD RELIGIONS INCLUDING BUDDHISM, HINDUISM, & TAOISM • PEOPLE WHO MEDITATE ARE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO HYPNOSIS AND LUCID DREAMING • PHYSIOLOGICALLY, MEDITATION LEADS TO AN ALTERED STATE OF BODILY AROUSAL • LOWER RESPIRATION AND HEART RATE

PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS • PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS: CHEMICALS THAT AFFECT MENTAL PROCESSES AND BEHAVIOR BY TEMPORARILY CHANGING CONSCIOUS AWARENESS • FOUR (4) MAJOR CLASSES OF PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS: • • HALLUCINOGENS OPIATES DEPRESSANTS STIMULANTS

PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS • STIMULANTS: DRUGS THAT HAVE AN AROUSAL EFFECT ON THE CNS • RAISES HEART RATE, BLOOD PRESSURE, AND MUSCULAR TENSION; INCREASES ALERTNESS, CONFIDENCE, DECREASES REACTION TIME • CAN CAUSE INSOMNIA, NERVOUSNESS, IRRITABILITY, AND PARANOIA • EXAMPLES: • • CAFFEINE NICOTINE COCAINE METHAMPHETAMINE

PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS • DEPRESSANTS: DRUGS THAT SLOW DOWN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM; NEURONS FIRE MORE SLOWLY • FEELINGS OF INTOXICATION, EUPHORIA; DECREASED ANXIETY, LOSS OF INHIBITION • SLURRED SPEECH, DISJOINTED MUSCLE CONTROL, AND LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS • EXAMPLES: • • ALCOHOL BARBITURATES BENZODIAZEPINES ROHYPNOL

PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS • OPIOIDS (NARCOTICS): DRUGS THAT REDUCE THE PERCEPTION OF PAIN; DERIVED FROM THE OPIUM POPPY OR IN SYNTHETIC FORM • RELIVE PAIN AND ANXIETY • CAN CAUSE LIFE-THREATENING RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION • CMO PATIENTS • NALOXONE (NARCAN) • INCREDIBLY ADDICTIVE • EXAMPLES: • MORPHINE • HEROINE • OXYCODONE • DILAUDID

PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS • HALLUCINOGENS: DRUGS THAT ARE CAPABLE OF PRODUCING HALLUCINATIONS OR CHANGES IN THE PERCEPTUAL PROCESS • PERCEPTION OF REALITY, SPACE, AND TIME IS DISTORTED; SENSE OF PEACEFULNESS AND CALM • LONG-TERM DAMAGE TO MEMORY AND INTELLECT; PEOPLE MAY EXPERIENCE “FLASHBACKS” • EXAMPLES: • MARIJUANA • PSILOCYBIN MUSHROOMS • MESCALINE • LSD • KETAMINE

PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS • MDMA (ECSTASY) • CONSIDERED A HALLUCINOGEN • WORKS BY INCREASING LEVELS OF THE HORMONE OXYTOCIN • “BONDING” HORMONE ASSOCIATED WITH LOVE AND CONNECTEDNESS • MDMA WAS ORIGINALLY USED IN COUPLES THERAPY TO INCREASE INTIMACY • NOW WIDELY ABUSED, MDMA IS NO LONGER PRESCRIBED

DRUG ADDICTION • TOLERANCE: A PROGRESSIVE DECREASE IN A PERSON’S RESPONSIVENESS TO A DRUG • INCREASED DOSAGE IS REQUIRED TO MAINTAIN THE SAME EFFECT • PHYSIOLOGICAL DEPENDENCE: A PERSON MUST KEEP TAKING THE DRUG IN ORDER TO AVOID WITHDRAWAL • PSYCHOLOGICAL DEPENDENCE: A PERSON FEELS AS THOUGH THEY MUST CONTINUE USING A SUBSTANCE TO SATISFY A MENTAL OR EMOTIONAL CRAVING.

DRUG USE & ABUSE • DRUG USE • TAKING A PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCE FOR NON-MEDICAL PURPOSES • DRUG ABUSE • DRUG USE THAT LEADS TO PROBLEMS (E. G. LOSS OF EFFECTIVENESS IN SOCIETY; BEHAVIORAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY, CRIMINAL ACTS) • DRUG DEPENDENCE • A MALADAPTIVE PATTERN OF DRUG USE LEADING TO CLINICALLY -SIGNIFICANT IMPAIRMENT OR DISTRESS, ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFICULTY IN CONTROLLING DRUG-TAKING BEHAVIOR, WITHDRAWAL, AND TOLERANCE

ADDICTION IS: • A CHRONIC BRAIN DISEASE • EXPRESSED AS COMPULSIVE BEHAVIOR • EXPRESSED WITHIN A SOCIAL CONTEXT • PRONE TO RELAPSE • TREATABLE

PATHWAY TO ADDICTION

ANIMAL MODELS OF REINFORCEMENT • SELF-ADMINISTRATION • ANIMALS WORK FOR REINFORCING DRUGS (IV, ORAL, INHALANT) • SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT (FIXED, PROGRESSIVE RATIO)

DRUGS THAT ARE SELF ADMINISTERED BY ANIMALS • ALCOHOL • AMPHETAMINE • BARBITURATES • CAFFEINE • COCAINE • NICOTINE • OPIATES • PCP • THC • THE MARULA FRUIT: • HTTPS: //WWW. YOUTUBE. COM/WATCH? V=7 LE 9 U FN 5 UEC