INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 10 Motivation Emotion CHAPTER

INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 10 Motivation & Emotion

CHAPTER 10 JOURNAL • On an average day, why do you do the things you do? • Why do you go to school? • Why did you eat what you did for breakfast or lunch? • Why do you do anything?

CHAPTER 10 VOCAB 1. Motivation 2. Homeostasis 3. Incentive 4. Drive 5. Obesity 6. Body Mass Index 7. Anorexia 8. Bulimia 9. Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder 10. Phases of the Human Sexual Response 11. Masters & Johnson 12. Parental Investment 13. Sexual Orientation 14. Alfred Kinsey 15. Achievement motive 16. Abraham Maslow 17. Thematic Apperception Task 18. Emotion 19. Affective forecasting 20. Polygraph 21. Galvanic skin response 22. Display rules 23. James-Lange Theory 24. Cannon-Bard Theory 25. Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory 26. Acute Stress 27. Chronic Stress 28. Psychoneuroimmunology 29. Homeostasis 30. Universal Facial Expressions

MOTIVATION • Motivation: the factors that direct and energize the behavior of organisms • Approaches to motivation: • Drive reduction • Evolutionary • Arousal • Incentive • Cognitive

MOTIVATION Drive reduction approach › Drives: motivational tension or arousal that energizes behavior to fulfill a need Primary drives: fulfills a basic physiological need Homeostasis: a state of physiological equilibrium Secondary drives: fulfills no obvious biological need

MOTIVATION • Evolutionary approach • Explains motivated behavior is terms of survival and reproductive value • Modern motivations are explained in terms of our hunter-gatherer ancestors • Many issues with this approach as technology evolves faster than biology

MOTIVATION • Arousal approach • Organisms try to maintain certain levels of stimulation and activity • Individuals vary widely on their amount of optimal stimulation

MOTIVATION • Incentive approach • Motivation stems from the desire to obtain valued external goals • Incentives = external rewards

MOTIVATION Cognitive approach › Motivation is the product of people’s thoughts, expectations, and cognitive goals This requires the person to have sophisticated cognitive abilities Intrinsic motivation: participation in an activity for our own intangible enjoyment Extrinsic motivation: a tangible reward is available for participating in the activity

MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS • Abraham Maslow was a humanistic psychologist who crated the hierarchy of needs to organize different human motivations. • People must satisfy the more basic needs before moving up to psychological and selffulfillment.

EATING • Food intake regulation • 1) detect internal food need • 2) initiate and organize eating behavior • 3) monitor the quantity and quality of the food eaten • 4) detect when enough food has been consumed

EATING Since eating is essential for survival, organisms have evolved mechanisms that would promote survival: › We love foods that are dense in calories › We may eat more than we need in one sitting › We eat much more volume when there is variety in order to get different nutrients The Thanksgiving Effect › Food aversion is one of the strongest forms of classical conditioning

EATING Physiology of eating › Peripheral (PNS) Response Pressure of a full stomach Sensory-specific satiety › Central (CNS) Response Informed by blood glucose and various hormone levels Lateral Hypothalamus Ventral Medial Hypothalamus

PSYCHOLOGY OF EATING & FOOD • Culture influences our relationship with food • Timing of meals • Social eating norms • Government food regulation • Availability and acceptance of foodstuffs • Religious sanctions

SCHOOL LUNC H AROUN D TH E WOR LD

PSYCHOLOGY OF EATING & FOOD • Obesity & Dieting • Genetic & evolutionary components • Hormones • Thyroid function • Prevalence and affordability of junk food • Social acceptance of being overweight

PSYCHOLOGY OF EATING & FOOD Eating Disorders › Anorexia Nervosa: Severely limiting food intake › Bulimia Nervosa: cycle of binging & purging › Muscle Dysmorphia “Bigorexia”: Excessive exercise, weight-lifting, steroids, etc. › Binge Eating Disorder: recurring ramatic episodes of overeating, often in secret.

SEX • Sexual behavior has many evolutionary functions • Reproduction (obviously) • Pair bonding (oxytocin) • Assertion of dominance • If the sole purpose of sex was to generate offspring, pregnancy from intercourse (notwithstanding birth control methods) would occur with greater probability • ovulation

SEX Evolution & sex › The female invests more in the development of her offspring (eggs are expensive) More likely to be picky when it comes to a mate Looks for a mate with resources and power › The male’s investment can be very minimal (sperm is cheap) it is typically in his best genetic interest to inseminate many females Looks for a mate that is young and fertile

SEX Nonhuman sexual behavior › Animal mate selection, monogamy or multiple mates? Depends on how involved the rearing of offspring is Depends on social structure Hierarchical societies & harems › Sexual arousal Pheromones Ritualized displays Competition between males Resources, gifts › Stereotyped sexual behavior Lordosis The form and duration of intercourse depends on the animal’s physiology and where it is in the food chain

SEX Human Sexual Behavior › Evolutionary signs of attractiveness General health Overall Symmetry & Facial Symmetry . 7 waist to hip ratio (women); . 9 (men) › Sexual arousal in humans › Physiological › Psychologist/cognitive › Has diverse form, compared to nonhuman animals Sexual behaviors and preferences can be shaped by conditioning

SEX • The Kinsey Reports • Published around the 1950 s, the Kinsey report (by zoologist Alfred Kinsey) was the largest survey of human sexual behavior, including over 10, 000 interviews • Included information on sexual orientation, frequency of sex, prevalence of extramarital affairs, and sadomasochism

SEX Phases of Human Sexual Response › Studied by Masters & Johnson in the 60’s & 70’s › Participants were instructed to engage in various forms of sexual activity in a laboratory setting while connected to monitoring equipment › The same phases apply to both males and females 1) Excitement 2) Plateau 3) Orgasm 4) Resolution Refractory period (males)

HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE

SEXUAL ORIENTATION • Sexual orientation: a person’s preference for emotional and sexual relationships with individuals of the same sex, different sex, and either sex. • The Kinsey Reports described sexual orientation on a continuum:

HOMOSEXUALITY Homosexuality › Is seen across a wide range of species Nonhuman primates Penguins Giraffes Insects › Sexual orientation is the result of complex interactions between Genes Hormones (esp. in early development) Brain Structure

SEX & GENDER Sex is a biological assignment based on genital formation › Genetic component XY male; XX female › Hormonal Component Exposure to Androgens or Estrogen, especially during prenatal development & puberty Gender is a social construct based on outward appearance and behavior › Some cultures have a binary gender system, others have several additional categories

SEX & GENDER • Biological Sex is not entirely binary • Individuals may be born intersex due to differences in genes or hormonal exposure • Androgen Insensitivity • Guevedoces in Dominican Republic

HIGHER-ORDER MOTIVATION • Need for Achievement: an assumed basic human need to strive for achievement of goals that motivates a wide range of behavior and thinking • Measured by the Thematic Apperception Task (TAT) • The TAT is a projective test that measures aspects of personality, motivation, and the presence of mental disorders • Participants come up with a story to an ambiguous image • Responses are scored by length, complexity, story/plot, creativity, the selection of the protagonist, the ability to project into the past and future, emotions, etc. • Responses can be influenced by other factors, such as media exposure

MOTIVATION & ATTRIBUTION Attribution: judgment about the causes of outcomes › We’re more likely to attribute success to ourselves; more likely to attribute failure to external factors. › The Fundamental Attribution Error: We’re more likely to attribute the behavior of others to their characteristics, rather than external factors. › Some people are more likely to make external attributions (external locus of control) whereas other are more likely to make internal attributions (internal locus of control)

EMOTION • A complex pattern of changes including physiological arousal, feelings, cognitive processes, and behavioral reactions, made in response to an actual or perceived stimulus • what is emotion depends on who you ask • Behavioral (what we can see/measure) • Evolutionary (what helps us survive) • Neurobiological (how our nervous system responds)

EMOTIONS & FACIAL EXPRESSION • Paul Ekman was a sociocultural psychologist who studied universal facial expressions

EMOTIONS & FACIAL EXPRESSIONS • Paul Ekman • He discovered 6 universal emotional facial expressions that were present across every human culture studied – including secluded tribes that had no previous exposure or contact with the outside world • Happy • Sad • Fear • Anger • Disgust • Contempt

THEORIES OF EMOTION • Neurobiological • Autonomic Nervous System automatically responds to stimulation • Parasympathetic • Pleasant stimulation • Sympathetic • Unpleasant stimulation • Emergencies • Patterns of autonomic nervous system activation are not significantly different between cultures • Indicating that the autonomic nervous system is part of our common evolved heritage

THEORIES OF EMOTION • What comes first, the physiological response, the cognitive feeling, or the behavior? • James-Lange Theory • The stimulus elicits a behavior which them prompts the body to feel a certain way • Facial Feedback - Pencil study • Cannon-Bard Theory • Both physiological arousal and emotional experience are produced simultaneously • Schachter-Singer theory • Emotion is the result of physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal of the situation • Chopping onions

STRESS & HEALTH • Psychoneuroimmunology • Investigates the interactions between psychological processes and functions of the immune system • Chronic stress can wreck the immune system • Caretakers v. controls lesion study

STRESS • Stress: the pattern of specific and nonspecific responses an organism makes to stimuli that disturb its equilibrium • Stressor: the stimuli, internal or external, that induces stress • Can be real or perceived • Acute Stress • A brief state of arousal with typically clear onset and offset • Chronic Stress • A continuous state of arousal in which an individual perceives demands as greater than the resources available for dealing with them • Stress at work or school • Chronic stress will kill you

STRESS • Eustress • A moderate level of stress motivates behavior and improves performance • Distress • Too much stress becomes overwhelming and performance declines

EFFECTS OF STRESS ON THE BODY

EFFECTS OF STRESS ON THE BODY