Introduction to Plants Hornworts Mosses Liverworts Ferns Horsetails

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Introduction to Plants Hornworts Mosses Liverworts Ferns Horsetails Club Mosses By: Sarbari Sarkar David

Introduction to Plants Hornworts Mosses Liverworts Ferns Horsetails Club Mosses By: Sarbari Sarkar David Persaud Sarah Hassanein & Angela Barbosa

What Is a Plant? • A plant is a living organism that is able

What Is a Plant? • A plant is a living organism that is able to make its own food. • Most plants are autotrophs, which means they can produce food by themselves. • They are also eukaryotes, so they contain many cells. • Plants get food through the process of photosynthesis. • All plant cells are surrounded by cell walls. • Plant cells are organized into tissues. • Plant cells contain similar structures, such as: nucleus, chloroplasts, vacuoles, etc. • Plants are classified as vascular, which means they have a tube-like system to transport materials, or as non-vascular. • All plants have a similar life cycle: the sporophyte stage or the gametophyte stage.

A look into the life of plants • Plants have many adaptations to live

A look into the life of plants • Plants have many adaptations to live on land. • They must: be able to obtain water and other nutrients, retain water, transport materials as well as support their bodies, and be able to produce offspring. • Their adaptations help them to survive. • A waxy, waterproof layer that most plants have is the ‘cuticle’, which is an adaptation that helps plant to reduce water loss. • A system of tube-like structures is vascular tissue, which transports materials in plant bodies, and also helps plants support their bodies. • Stiff cell walls are also useful in helping plants support their bodies. • When a sperm cell unites with an egg cell, the occurrence is called fertilization. • A zygote is the name of a fertilized egg.

Light and Photosynthesis • Reflection is the process where light is bounced back, and

Light and Photosynthesis • Reflection is the process where light is bounced back, and most of the green part of the light spectrum is reflected by plants. • Absorption is the process where light in taken in, and most colors other than green in the light spectrum is absorbed by plants. • As green light is usually reflected by plants, that is why chlorophyll looks green. • Other pigments are accessory pigments, which absorb different colors, and are masked. • Photosynthesis is the process by which plants make food for themselves. • Plant chlorophyll firstly takes in light, whose energy powers the process. • Water and carbon dioxide are the raw materials of photosynthesis. • The end products are oxygen and sugar. • The sugar supplies the energy plants need to grow, develop, respond, and reproduce. • The rest of the sugar is stored in stems, roots, leaves, or fruit.

Nonvascular Plants • • • Groups of nonvascular plants are: mosses, liverworts, and hornworts,

Nonvascular Plants • • • Groups of nonvascular plants are: mosses, liverworts, and hornworts, all of which grow low. They live in moist areas so they can absorb water and other nutrients from their surroundings. Root-like, thin structures called rhizoids anchor the moss, and help it absorb water and nutrients. A bog is a type of wetland where Sphagnum moss grows. Mosses are compressed in layers over time and a blackish-brown material called peat is made. People use peat moss in agriculture and gardening, and use peat to fuel homes and cook food. Liverworts and hornworts are not quite as significant as moss in the lives of humans. There are over 8, 000 species of liverworts, which are named because their body structure is similar to that of a human liver. Fewer than 100 species of hornworts, which live in moist soil, are in existence. Unlike mosses and liverworts, hornworts are not found on rocks or tree trunks.

Seedless Vascular Plants • • • Groups of seedless vascular plants are: ferns, club

Seedless Vascular Plants • • • Groups of seedless vascular plants are: ferns, club mosses, and horsetails. • • Firstly, they have true vascular tissue. • There needs to be enough water available in the environment for the sperm to swim to eggs. • Fronds are a fern’s leaves, and a fern is in the sporophyte stage when it has fronds. • • Unlike true mosses, club mosses have vascular tissue. Giant ferns, club mosses, and horsetails were prevalent in prehistoric Earth. The three groups of seedless vascular plants have two main characteristics that they share. Also, they do not produce seeds, and reproduce instead by releasing spores. The vascular tissue gives the plants strength and stability. The groups of plants need to grow in moist environments because they grow into gametophytes after releasing spores. On Earth today, there about 30 species of horsetails.

Physical Characteristics • These are the physical characteristics of a seed-producing, vascular plant :

Physical Characteristics • These are the physical characteristics of a seed-producing, vascular plant : • Through the use of color and scent, the petal attracts insects for the process of pollination. • The anther and filament are parts of the stamen, the male part of the flower. • The stigma and style are parts of the pistil, the female part of the flower. • The role of the ovary in the plant is to fertilize the pollen grain and produce the seeds. • It is the duty of the sepal to provide protection for the flower bud by covering it.

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