Introduction to Petrology Francis 2014 Introductory Petrology EPSC212

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Introduction to Petrology Francis 2014

Introduction to Petrology Francis 2014

Introductory Petrology EPSC-212 B Don Francis: Documents: Room: F. D. A. 316, donald. francis@mcgill.

Introductory Petrology EPSC-212 B Don Francis: Documents: Room: F. D. A. 316, donald. francis@mcgill. ca www. eps. mcgill. ca/~c 212 1. Igneous: - Elemental abundances, Sun, meteorites, mantle, crust Jan 6 - Units, minerals, phase equilibria Jan 8 - Test on rock forming minerals, review of minerals - Phase diagrams for simple mafic systems Jan 9/10 Jan 13 - Mafic magmas, mantle, and ocean crust - Magmatic textures Jan 16/17 - Variation diagrams, calc-alkaline versus tholeiitic suites Jan 20 - Mafic Intrusions and cumulate rocks Jan 22 - Volcanic rocks Jan 23/24 - Phase diagrams for simple felsic systems - Granitoids and continental crust - Plutonic rocks Jan 15 Jan 27 Jan 29 Jan 30/31

Introductory Petrology EPSC-212 B 2. Sedimentary: - Weathering and erosion Feb 3 - Transport

Introductory Petrology EPSC-212 B 2. Sedimentary: - Weathering and erosion Feb 3 - Transport and deposition Feb 5 - Igneous test (10 marks), sedimentary structures and textures - Siliciclastics Feb 6/7 Feb 10 - Bio-chemical precipitates I: carbonates - Siliciclastic rocks Feb 12 Feb 13/14 - Bio-chemical precipitates II: dolostones, evaporites, chert, etc. Feb 17 - Depositional environments Feb 19 - Limestones, dolomites, cherts, etc Feb 20/21 - Mid-Term Test (10 marks) Feb 26 - Sedimentary test (10 marks) Feb 27/28 - Cementation and diagenesis Mar 10 - Sedimentary basins and sequence stratigraphy Mar 12

Introductory Petrology EPSC-212 B 3. Metamorphic: - Metamorphic minerals and textures Mar 13/14 -

Introductory Petrology EPSC-212 B 3. Metamorphic: - Metamorphic minerals and textures Mar 13/14 - Reactions: solid - solid, dehydration and decarbonation - Reactions: mixed volatile, net transfer, exchange Mar 17 Mar 19 - Meta-pelites Mar 20/21 - Meta-pelites Mar 24 - Meta-basites Mar 26 - Meta-basites and meta-carbonates Mar 27/28 - Meta-carbonates - P-T regimes, geothermometry, and geobarometry Mar 31 Apr 2 - Lab review Apr 3/4 - Buffering - Metamorphism and tectonics - Final lab test Apr 7 Apr 9 Apr 10/11

Introductory Petrology EPSC-212 B Marking: 2 Lab Spotting Tests (20 marks) Final Lab Exam

Introductory Petrology EPSC-212 B Marking: 2 Lab Spotting Tests (20 marks) Final Lab Exam (20 marks) Mid-Term Exam (10 marks) Final Theory Exam (50 marks) Lectures: Mon & Weds 11: 30 - 12: 30 am Room: FDA 315 Lab: Thurs 2: 30 - 5: 30 pm Room: FDA 315 or Fri 2: 30 - 5: 30 pm Room: FDA 315 Francis, Intro. Petrology EPSC 212, 2014

Texts/References on Reserve in PSE Library and/or my Office Winter, J. D. ; 2001:

Texts/References on Reserve in PSE Library and/or my Office Winter, J. D. ; 2001: An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall, QE 461. W 735 200 Philpotts, A. R. , and Ague, J. J. ; 2009: Principles of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology, Cambridge University Press. Boggs, S. ; 2012: Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy. Prentice Hall, New Jersey. QE 471 B 66. T. A. s: Ryan Libby Gregor Lucic - FDA 130 A Thomas Maguire - FDA 349 Volker Moeller - FDA 346 Francis, Intro. Petrology EPSC 212, 2014

Required Component of Course Outlines Language: In accord with Mc. Gill University’s Charter of

Required Component of Course Outlines Language: In accord with Mc. Gill University’s Charter of Students’ Rights, students in this course have the right to submit in English or in French any written work that is to be graded. Integrity: Mc. Gill University values academic integrity. Therefore all students must understand the meaning and consequences of cheating, plagiarism and other academic offences under the Code of Student Conduct and Disciplinary Procedures (seewww. mcgill. ca/students/srr/honest/ for more information). Francis, Intro. Petrology EPSC 212, 2013

Igneous Petrology The study of rocks that form by the: crystallization of a cooling

Igneous Petrology The study of rocks that form by the: crystallization of a cooling melt (“liquid”) or magma Fundamental challenge : to understand high temperature crystal-liquid processes by studying cold solid rocks

Diversity of igneous rocks reflects the action of crystal – liquid fractionation processes at

Diversity of igneous rocks reflects the action of crystal – liquid fractionation processes at high temperature K Solid(xyl) Liquid(liq) glass Elemental partitioning between coexisting solid and liquid Cxyli / Cliqi = Ki followed by the physical separation of solid(s) and liquid 0 livine constant temperature (Fe/Mg)oliv / (Fe/Mg)liq ~ 0. 3

Natural silicate melts are complex systems with many components and thus melt over a

Natural silicate melts are complex systems with many components and thus melt over a range of temperatures. Because of the high aspect ratios of plagioclase, basalt becomes rigid in the range of 30 to 40% solidification. Note how a cube of solid basalt retains its shape to 70% melting, even as the partial melt drains out of the bottom. basalt cube - % melted 60% 70% 75%

Two Kinds of Igneous Rocks: White/Light Granitoids: light or felsic rocks dominated by feldspar

Two Kinds of Igneous Rocks: White/Light Granitoids: light or felsic rocks dominated by feldspar and quartz. Constitute the continental crust. Granite Black/Dark Basalt/gabbro: dark or mafic rocks dominated by Fe-Mg silicates, such as olivine, and pyroxenes. Constitute the oceanic crust. Basalt

 Mantle - Ocean & Continent crust Continental Crust Oceanic crust - MORB basalt

Mantle - Ocean & Continent crust Continental Crust Oceanic crust - MORB basalt - p Continental crust - granite - e

Composition of the Sun and the Cosmic Abundances of the Elements: As the Sun

Composition of the Sun and the Cosmic Abundances of the Elements: As the Sun constitutes 99. 98 wt. % of the solar system, the chemical composition of the Sun is also that of the solar system. To determine the proportion of the elements in the Sun, we make use of the energy levels between the electron orbitals of the atoms of the different elements. The electromagnetic spectra of the Sun were noted to contain dark lines in 1802 by Wollaston and later studied by Fraunhofer (early 1800's), indicating adsorption at selective wavelengths or energies. Radiation emerging from the Sun's interior passes though the gas of its photosphere (outermost visible layer), in which the different elements selectively absorb radiation whose wavelength corresponds to the difference in the energy (E = hc/l) levels of its electron orbitals. The intensity of the absorption lines is a measure of the proportion of each element. Solar Spectrum

There is a saw-toothed exponential drop off in the abundances of the elements with

There is a saw-toothed exponential drop off in the abundances of the elements with increasing atomic number, with even numbered elements are always more abundant than adjacent odd numbered elements (Oddo-Harkins rule). The latter presumable reflects the fact that 4 He nuclei are the basic component of most element formation reactions in stars. Notice the spike in abundances centered on Fe. Major Elements An analysis of the electromagnetic spectra of the Sun indicates that apart Hydrogen and Helium (98 wt. %), 8 other elements constitute 99 wt. % of the remaining matter (C, N, Ne, O, Mg, Si, Fe).

Compared to the Earth's crust, the Sun exhibits a number of important compositional differences.

Compared to the Earth's crust, the Sun exhibits a number of important compositional differences. It is depleted in Si, Al, Na, and K, and enriched in Fe and Mg. What has caused these chemical differences between the Sun (~ solar nebula or the solar system as a whole) and the crust of the Earth, and the terrestrial planets in general? This is the story of igneous petrology. Element Sun (Solar System) Earth's Crust Crystal Site O 39. 7 46. 6 A Fe 27. 9 5. 0 Y Si 5. 5 27. 7 T Mg 11. 3 2. 1 Y Ca 1. 3 X>W Al 1. 1 8. 1 T~Y Na 0. 7 2. 8 W>X K 0. 1 2. 1 W Si/Fe 0. 197 5. 5 ( 28 × Sun) K/Fe 0. 0036 0. 42 ( 100 × Sun) atomic units T/Y 0. 6 7. 3 W/T 0. 06 0. 18 Dominant Mineral Y 2 TO 4 olivine WT 4 O 8 feldspar

Terrestrial Planets basalt or granite crust Fe-Ni Crust represents only ~0. 7 wt. %

Terrestrial Planets basalt or granite crust Fe-Ni Crust represents only ~0. 7 wt. % of the Earth

basalt or granite crust Fe-Ni

basalt or granite crust Fe-Ni

opx cpx oliv

opx cpx oliv

Allende

Allende

 Chondritic Meteorites = Sun

Chondritic Meteorites = Sun

Sun Mantle ~ (~68 wt. %) + Fe-metal core (~31 wt. %) Si. O

Sun Mantle ~ (~68 wt. %) + Fe-metal core (~31 wt. %) Si. O 2 + Mg. O + Fe. O ~ 90+% The Earth’s upper mantle is similar in composition to the Sun minus enough Fe to form the core. The Earth’s mantle is composed of a rock called peridotite, which consists largely of the minerals olivine and pyroxene Silicon basalt or granite crust Fe-Ni Magnesium Iron

Rain drop of the Sun basalt or granite crust feldspar peridotite mantle Iron olivine

Rain drop of the Sun basalt or granite crust feldspar peridotite mantle Iron olivine Chondritic Meteorite + Iron Metal In core Mantle Xenoliths = Sun

 Mantle Ocean Continent crust Si. O 2 45. 2 49. 4 60. 3

Mantle Ocean Continent crust Si. O 2 45. 2 49. 4 60. 3 Ti. O 2 0. 7 1. 4 1. 0 Al 2 O 3 3. 5 15. 4 15. 6 Mg. O 37. 5 7. 6 3. 9 Fe. O 8. 5 10. 1 7. 2 Ca. O 3. 1 12. 5 5. 8 Na 2 O 0. 6 2. 6 3. 2 K 2 O 0. 1 0. 3 2. 5 Total 99. 2 99. 3 99. 5 Continental Crust Oceanic Crust Cations normalized to 100 cations Si 38. 5 46. 1 56. 4 Ti 0. 5 1. 0 0. 7 Al 3. 6 16. 9 17. 2 Mg 47. 6 10. 6 5. 4 Fe 6. 0 7. 9 5. 6 Ca 2. 8 12. 5 5. 8 Na 0. 9 4. 7 5. 8 K 0. 1 0. 5 3. 0 O 140. 2 153. 0 161. 3 Mineralogy (oxygen units, XFe 3+ = 0. 10) Quartz 0. 0 13. 0 Feldspar 13. 2 57. 3 64. 3 Clinopyroxene 6. 7 25. 7 5. 9 Orthopyroxene 18. 3 4. 1 14. 7 Olivine 59. 9 0. 0 Oxides 1. 8 3. 0 2. 0 Oceanic crust - MORB basalt - p Continental crust - granite - e

Solid – Liquid Fractionation The diversity of igneous rocks is a reflection of the

Solid – Liquid Fractionation The diversity of igneous rocks is a reflection of the fact that in a partially melted multi-component system, the composition of the liquid will typically be different than the composition of the solid with which it coexists. Any physical process that separates crystals from liquid, in such a system, will produce a chemical fractionation. liq oliv

Partial Melting of the Mantle Solid Source Refractory Solid + Liquid Restite Fertile Mantle

Partial Melting of the Mantle Solid Source Refractory Solid + Liquid Restite Fertile Mantle Refractory Mantle + Oceanic Crust Cpx-rich Peridotite Lherzolite Olivine-rich Peridotite + Basalt Harzburgite Oceanic Crust Whole = Σ Parts Lever Rule: p/R = x/y Oceanic Crust amount of basalt (P) in fertile mantle = x/(x+y) y x R

Crystal Fractionation of Basalt Parent Magma Crystal Cumulate + Residual Magma Plutonic or Intrusive

Crystal Fractionation of Basalt Parent Magma Crystal Cumulate + Residual Magma Plutonic or Intrusive Rocks Mafic Magma Volcanic Rocks Gabbroic Cumulate + Felsic Magma Whole = Σ Parts Lever Rule: e/C = x/y Volcanic rocks approximate the compositions of magmatic liquids. They represent aliquots of liquid that have escaped to the surface. The compositional variation observed in the liquids that the volcanic rocks represent is produced by varying degrees of crystal fractionation of a largely “gabbroic” mineral assemblage that now comprises plutonic intrusions. amount of granite in basalt = x/(x+ y) Cx y

Continental Crustal Granitoids Second Stage Melting of Basalt Continental Crust The majority of crustal

Continental Crustal Granitoids Second Stage Melting of Basalt Continental Crust The majority of crustal granitoids are, however, thought to be liquids produced at the eutectic point e by the second stage melting of silicasaturated basaltic/gabbroic mafic crust, consisting largely of pyroxene and plagioclase. e

 Mantle Ocean Continent crust Si. O 2 45. 2 49. 4 60. 3

Mantle Ocean Continent crust Si. O 2 45. 2 49. 4 60. 3 Ti. O 2 0. 7 1. 4 1. 0 Al 2 O 3 3. 5 15. 4 15. 6 Mg. O 37. 5 7. 6 3. 9 Fe. O 8. 5 10. 1 7. 2 Ca. O 3. 1 12. 5 5. 8 Na 2 O 0. 6 2. 6 3. 2 K 2 O 0. 1 0. 3 2. 5 Total 99. 2 99. 3 99. 5 Spectrum of Igneous liquids Cations normalized to 100 cations Si 38. 5 46. 1 56. 4 Ti 0. 5 1. 0 0. 7 Al 3. 6 16. 9 17. 2 Mg 47. 6 10. 6 5. 4 Fe 6. 0 7. 9 5. 6 Ca 2. 8 12. 5 5. 8 Na 0. 9 4. 7 5. 8 K 0. 1 0. 5 3. 0 O 140. 2 153. 0 161. 3 Mineralogy (oxygen units, XFe 3+ = 0. 10) Quartz 0. 0 13. 0 Feldspar 13. 2 57. 3 64. 3 Clinopyroxene 6. 7 25. 7 5. 9 Orthopyroxene 18. 3 4. 1 14. 7 Olivine 59. 9 0. 0 Oxides 1. 8 3. 0 2. 0 Oceanic crust - MORB basalt p Continental crust - granite e