INTRODUCTION TO PATHOLOGY PATHOS SUFFERING LOGOS STUDY SCIENTIFIC

INTRODUCTION TO PATHOLOGY PATHOS = SUFFERING LOGOS = STUDY SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF STRUCTURE & FUNCTION OF THE BODY

PATHOLOGY IT IS THE VITAL BRIDGE BETWEEN PRECLINICAL SCIENCES & CLINICAL SCIENCES DISEASE ? = IS A STATE OF DISCOMFORT TO THE BODY

TERMINOLOGY IN PATHOLOGY PATIENT – IS A PERSON AFFECTED BY THE DISEASE LESIONS – CHANGES IN TISSUES & CELLS PRODUCED BY THE DISEASE

CARCINOMA STOMACH

TERMINOLOGY IN PATHOLOGY MORPHOLOGY - EXMINATION OF DISEASED TISSUES - GROSS –NAKED EYE & MICROSCOPIC FINDING

TUBERCULOUS LYMPHADENITIS

TUBERCULOUS LYMPHADENITIS

TERMINOLOGY IN PATHOLOGY ETIOLOGY- CASUAL FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE LESIONS. PATHOGENESIS – MECHANISMS BY WHICH THE LESIONS ARE PRODUCED. (HOW)

PATHOGENESIS OF TUBERCULOSIS DELAYED TYPE, TYPE 4 HYPERSENSITIVITY

CLINICAL FEATURES • SYMPTOMS –FUNCTIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE LESIONS FELT BY THE PATIENT. • SIGNS – FUNCTIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE LESIONS DISCOVERED BY THE DOCTOR

CLINICAL FEATURES DIANOSIS – CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF MORPHOLOGIC & FUNCTIONAL CHANGES WITH RESULTS OF INVESTIGATIONS HELP TO ARRIVE AT AN ANSWER – WHAT IS WRONG?

PROGNOSIS & TREATMENT PROGNOSIS – WHAT IS GOING TO HAPPEN ? TREATMENT – WHAT CAN BE DONE?

PROGNOSIS & TREATMENT PREVENTION - WHAT SHOULD BE DONE TO AVOID THE DISEASE, IT’S COMPLICATIONS & SPREAD ?

PREVENSION-of tuberculosis

EVOLUSION OF PATHOLOGY THE CONCEPT OF DISEASE IS AS OLD AS LIFE. EARLIER CONCEPTS OF DISEASE WERE THE RELIGIOUS BELIEFS , THAT DISEASE WAS THE OUTCOME OF CURSE OR EVIL SPIRIT.

EVOLUSION OF PATHOLOGY PHILOSOPHICAL & RATIONAL APPROACH TO THE DISEASE WAS DEVELOPED BY THE METHODS OF OBSERVATIONS.

HIPPOCRATES(460 -377 BC) – FATHER OF MEDICINE STRESSED THE STUDY OF PATIENT’S SYMPTOMS & DESCRIBED METHODS OF DIAGNOSIS

HIPPOCRATES(460 -377 BC) FATHER OF MEDICINE

HIPPOCRATES(460 -377 BC) FATHER OF MEDICINE ACCORDING TO HIM – DISTURBANCES IN EQUILIBRIUM OF THE BODY RESULTS IN ILLNESS

HIPPOCRATES(460 -377 BC) – FATHER OF MEDICINE HE INTRODUCED ETHICAL(MORALISTIC ATTITUDE) CONCEPTS IN THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE & IS REVERED BY THE MEDICAL PROFESSION BY TAKING HIPPOCRATIC OATH AT THE TIME OF ENTRY INTO THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE.

CORNELIUS CELSUS (53 BC – 7 AD) ROMAN PHYSICIAN – DESCRIBED 4 CARDINAL SIGNS OF – INFLAMMATION TUMOUR, RUBOR, CALOR, DOLOR

CHARAKA SAMHITA ANCIENT INDIAN MEDICINE BOOK , A FINEST DOCUMENT OF THE RATIONAL AGE BY CHARAKA , MENTIONED THE HYPOTHESIS OF DISEQUILIBRIUM OF ELEMENTS CONSTITUTING THE BODY SIMILAR TO HIPPOCRATIC DOCTRINE

SUSHRUTA SAMHITA – A BOOK ON SURGICAL SCIENCES BY SUSHRUTA

SUSHRUTA

CHARAKA

VESALIUS & HIS PUPILS STARTED DISSECTION OF HUMAN BODY –(1514 -1564)

VESALIUS & HIS PUPILS CREDIT FOR STUDY OF MORBID ANATOMY(PATHOLOGIC ANATOMY) GOES TO ITALIAN ANATOMIST & PATHOLOGIST GIOVANNI B. MORGAGNI (1682 -1771). HE PUBLISHED HIS LIFE TIME EXPERIENCES BASED ON 700 POSTMORTEMS & CLINICAL FINDINGS

SIR PERCIVAL POTT(1714 -1788) IDENTIFIED FIRST EVER OCCUPATIONAL CANCER IN THE CHIMNEY SWEEPS(SOOT) IN 1775

SIR PERCIVAL POTT(17141788)

SIR PERCIVAL POTT(1714 -1788) JOHN HUNTER(1728 -1793) WITH HIS BROTHER WILLIUM HUNTER STARTED THE FIRST EVER MUSEUM– HUNTARIAN MUSEUM IN ENGLAND.

OTHER NAMES IN MORBID ANATOMY(GROSS PATHOLOGY) CARL F van ROKITANSKY(1804 -1878, 30, 000 AUTOPSIES) WROTE BOOK ON PATHOLOGIC ANATOMY, DESCRIBED YELLOW ATROPHY OF LIVER, DISEASES OF ARTERIES, CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS

OTHER NAMES IN MORBID ANATOMY(GROSS PATHOLOGY) RUDOLF VIRCHOW(1821 -1905)FATHER OF CELLULAR PATHOLOGY OR FATHER OF MODERN PATHOLOGY - INTRODUCED HISTOPATHOLOGY VIRCHOW’S TRIAD AS ETIOLOGY IN THROMBOSIS, VIRCHOW’S LYMPH NODE

FATHER OF CELLULAR PATHOLOGY OR FATHER OF MODERN PATHOLOGY

DEVELOPMENT OF CELLULAR PATHOLOGY Von LEEUWENHOEK(1632 -1723) INVENTED FIRST EVER MICROSCOPE),

DEVELOPMENT OF CELLULAR PATHOLOGY MARCELLO MALPIGHI(1624 -1694) THE FATHER OF HISTOLOGY MALPIGHIAN LAYER OF SKIN , MALPIGHIAN CORPUSCELS OF SPLEEN

DEVELOPMENT OF CELLULAR PATHOLOGY D. L. ROMANOWSKY(1861 -1921 DEVELOPED STAIN FOR PERIPHERAL SMEAR USING EOSIN & METHYLENE BLUE

DEVELOPMENT OF CELLULAR PATHOLOGY SIR WILLIUM LEISHMAN (1865 -1926) DESCRIBED LEISHMAN STAIN FOR BLOOD FILMS IN 1914

MODERN PATHOLOGY JULIUS COHNHEIM(1839 -1884) – INTRODUCED FROZEN SECTIONS.

MODERN PATHOLOGY GEORGE N PAPANICOLAOU –(18831962) FATHER OF EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY DEVELOPED PAP SMEAR FOR DETECTION OF CERVICAL CANCER.

MODERN PATHOLOGY KARL LANDSTEINER(1863 -1943)DESCRIBED HUMAN BLOOD GROUPS RUSKA & LORRIES IN 1933 DEVELOPED ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

MODERN PATHOLOGY CONT WATSON & CRICK IN 1953 GAVE DESCRIPTION OF STRUCTURE OF DNA

MODERN PATHOLOGY CONT TIJO & LEVAN IN 1956 IDENTIFIED CHROMOSOMES & THEIR CORRECT NUMBER IN HUMANS

MODERN PATHOLOGY CONT • NOWELL & HAGERFORD IN 1960 IDENTIFIED PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME (RECIPROCAL TRANSLOCATION BETWEEN 9 & 22)

SUBDIVISIONS OF PATHOLOGY 1. HISTOPATHOLOGYANATOMY 2. HAEMATOLOGY • 3. CYTOPATHOLOGY PATHOLOGIC

SUBDIVISIONS OF PATHOLOGY 4. CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY – ANALYSIS OF BLOOD , SEMEN, CSF, URINE 5. IMMUNOLOGY- STUDY OF ABNORMALITIES OF IMMUNE SYSTEM

SUBDIVISIONS OF PATHOLOGY 6. EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGYRESEARCH. 7. GEOGRAPHIC PATHOLOGY DIFFERENCES IN DISTRIBUTION, FREQUENCY & TYPE OF DISEASES IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE WORLD

SUBDIVISIONS OF PATHOLOGY 8. MEDICAL GENETICSRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEREDITY & DISEASE 9. MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY – DIAGNOSIS AT THE LEVEL OF DNA BY IN SITU HYBRIDISATION & POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR)

IN SITU HYBRIDISATION • In situ hybridization (ISH) is a type of hybridization that uses a labeled complementary DNA or RNA strand (i. e. , probe) to localize a specific DNA or RNA sequence in a portion or section of tissue (in situ),

POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) • The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a biochemical technology in molecular biology to amplify a single or a few copies of a piece of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence.

MEDICAL GENETICS

MEDICAL GENETICS

TEXT BOOKS 1. ROBBIN’S PATHOLOGIC BASIS OF DISEASE - 8 th EDITION 2. ROBBIN’S BASIC PATHOLOGY 8 th EDITION.

TEXT BOOKS 3. TEXT BOOK OF PATHOLOGYHARSH MOHAN 6 th EDITION 4. WALTER & ISRAEL –GENERAL PATHOLOGY 7 TH EDITION 5. MUIRS TEXT BOOK OF PATHOLOGY 14 TH EDITION

TEXT BOOK CONT 6. A TEXT BOOK OF PATHOLOGY BY N. C. DAY & T. K. DAY 15 TH EDITION 7. PATHOLOGY- EMANUEL RUBIN & JOHN. L. FARBER 3 rd EDITION

TEXT BOOK CONT 8. De GRUCHY’S CLINICAL HAEMATOLOGY IN MEDICAL PRACTICE 5 th EDITION