Introduction to Nanotechnology Alberto Quionez Ph D Professor

Introduction to Nanotechnology Alberto Quiñonez, Ph. D. Professor Electronics and Advanced Technologies Austin Community College 1

Objective The purpose of this module is to introduce the emerging nanotechnology field to novices of nanotechnology. 2

Topics • Nanotechnology Terms and Definitions • History of Nanotechnology • Current and Future Trends, Research and Applications 3

Preface Is nanotechnology the gateway to the future for human beings on Earth? Figure 1. 1: Where does your imagination take you? 4

Emergence Figure 1. 2: A nanocar made from a single molecule. “…its arsenal includes nanotechnological transjectors…It can control other machines. ” Figure 1. 3: Arnold Schwarzenegger’s character mentions nanotechnology in “The Terminator 3” movie. 5

Nanotechnology Language Yow! • Nanobio • Nanodots • Nanowires • Nanoelectronics • Nanobots • Nanomaterials • Nanochondria Figure 1. 4: Searching for nanotechnology. 6

Definition “Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications. ” “Encompassing nanoscale science, engineering and technology, nanotechnology involves imaging, measuring, modeling, and manipulating matter at this length scale. ” National Nanotechnology Initiative, 2007 7

Scale of Things—Nanometers Figure 1. 5: National Nanotechnology Initiative. 8

Internships Figure 1. 6: Sematech nanoscholar interns of Texas. 9

Brief History The concepts of nanotechnology are not new to nature or to mankind. An early example of a manmade nanoprocess is stained glass. Figure 1. 7: Stained glass windows. Figure 1. 8: Picture of gold nano particles. 10

Brief History, Continued Birth of Nanotechnology • Professor Taniguchi of Tokyo Science University used the word “nanotechnology” to describe the science and technology of processing or building parts with nanometric tolerances. • A nanometer is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one billionth of a meter. Figure 1. 9: Tokyo Science University. Figure 1. 10: Equivalent Units 11

Brief History, Continued Dr. Richard P. Feynman • “Why cannot we write the entire 24 volumes of the Encyclopedia Britannica on the head of a pin? ” Dr. Richard Feynman, one of America’s most notable physicists, 1918 -1988. Figure 1. 11: Richard Feynman. 12

Brief History Continued, Dr. Feynman, Continued • “The problems of chemistry and biology can be greatly helped if our ability to see what we are doing, and to do things on an atomic level, is ultimately developed – a development which I think cannot be avoided. ” Surely You’re Joking Mr. Feynman! Adventures of a Curious Character By Richard Feynman Figure 1. 12: Collection of reminiscences by Nobel Prize-winning physicist. 13

Brief History, Continued Atomic Scale • A computer image of the nano ice double helix. • In the nano ice image, oxygen atoms are blue in the inner helix, purple in the outer helix. Hydrogen atoms are white. Figure 1. 13: A nanotechnology self-assembly process. 14

More History Eric Drexler • Coined the term “Grey Goo”…the potential problem of self-replicating and autonomous artificial intelligence machines. Engines of Creation The Coming Era of Nanotechnology By K. Eric Drexler Figure 1. 14: Drexler’s book. Figure 1. 15: DNA damage. 15

More History, Continued Eric Drexler, Continued Cell Repair Machines • “By working along molecule by molecule and structure by structure, repair machines will be able to repair whole cells. By working along cell by cell and tissue by tissue, they…will be able to repair whole organs…they will restore health. ” - Drexler, 1986 X Figure 1. 16: Stylized example of targeted cell repair. 16

More History, Continued Metrology • Measurement of equipment is the cornerstone of nanotechnology. Figure 1. 17: Scanning probe microscope systems from nanoscience instruments. Figure 1. 18: Scanning tunneling microscope image. 17

More History, Continued Buckyballs • Three gentlemen—Harold Kroto from the University of Sussex, Robert Curl and Richard Smalley from Rice University—were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1996 for their discovery of a new composition of carbon, Carbon 60. Figure 1. 19: Carbon-60 buckyball is shaped like a soccer ball. Figure 1. 20: Example of Nobel prize diploma. 18

More History, Continued Fullerenes • Carbon 60 was named after Richard Buckminster Fuller, who went by the nickname “Bucky. ” Figure 1. 21: A “Buckyball. ” Figure 1. 22: Dome over biosphere in Montreal. 19

More History, Continued Top-Down Approach • Two approaches used in producing nanotechnology systems. Top-down method is used by computer chip manufacturers. Figure 1. 23: Moore’s Law. Figure 1. 24: Photolithography. 20

More History, Continued Bottom-Up Approach • Bottom-up approach to manufacturing is analogous to the way biological systems are made. Figure 1. 25: An example of a molecular self assembly through hydrogen bonds. 21

Summary Nanotechnology is ubiquitous and pervasive. It is an emerging field in all areas of science, engineering and technology. Welcome to Nano. World! Figure 1. 26: Robot image. 22

References • American Ceramic Society (2006, March). Overview of Safety, Risks. American Ceramic Society Bulletin. Vol. 85 Issue 3, p 6, 1/6 p. • Booker, Richard & Boysen, Earl (2005). Nanotechnology for Dummies. NJ: Wiley Publishing Inc. • Diott, D. D. (2006, April). Thinking big (and small) about energetic materials. Material Science and Technology. Vol. 22 Issue 4. p. 463, 11 p. • Drexler, K. Eric (1986). Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology. New York: Anchor Books. • Henderson, Donald (2006). Bioterrorism: Interview with Donald Henderson. Asia Pacific Biotech News. Vol. 10, Issue 1, p. 18, 9 p. • Intel (2007). Moore’s Law. Retrieved 7/02/2007 from http: //www. intel. com/technology/mooreslaw/index. htm 23

References, Continued • Lane, Neal & Kalil, Thomas (2005). The National Nanotechnology Initiative: Present at the creation. Issues in Science & Technology; Summer 2005. Vol 21, p 49, 6 p. • Lieberman, Marya (2007). Self-assembled monolayers and multilayers of phthalocyanines. University of Notre Dame: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry. Retrieved 7/02/2007 from http: //www. nd. edu/~mlieberm/ • Mandal, Deendayal; Bolander, Mark E. ; Mukhopadhyay, Debrabrata; Sarkar, Gobinda; • Mukherjee, Priyabrata (2006, January). The use of Microorganisms for the formation of metal nanoparticles and their application. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. Vol. 69 Issue 5, p. 485, 8 p. • Mostow, Jonathan (Director). (2003). Terminator 3: Rise Of The Machines [Motion Picture]. United States: Warner Bros. Pictures. 24

References, Continued • Murday, James F. (2005). Nanotechnology: Hype and Hope in Aerospace Applications. Advanced Materials and Processes. Vol. 163, Issue 12, P. 21, 2 p. • Nanotechnology at UT Austin (2007). Graduate Portfolio Program. Retrieved 6/27/2007 from http: //www. cnm. utexas. edu/graduateportfolio. html • Nanotechnology Now (2006, March). Nanotechnology documentary to be filmed at nano. TX'06. Retrieved 7/02/2007 from http: //www. nanotechnow. com/news. cgi? story_id=14281 • National Nanotechnology Initiative - NNI (2007). What is Nanotechnology? Retrieved 6/25/2007 from http: //www. nano. gov/html/facts/what. Is. Nano. html • Rappaport, Tatiana Gabriela (2006). Semiconductors: Nanostructures and applications in spintronics and quantum computation. Vol. 809 issue 1, p. 326, 17 p. 25

References, Continued • Ratner, Mark & Ratner, Daniel (2003). Nanotechnology: A Gentle Introduction to the Next Big Idea. New Jersey: Prentice Hall PTR. • Rouekes, M. L. , Fritz, S. , Stix, G. , Whiteside, G. M. , Love, J. C. , Alivisatos, A. P. et al. (2002). Understanding Nanotechnology: Scientific American. New York: Warner Books. • Terra, Richard P. (2000, March). National Nanotechnology Initiative in FY 2001 Budget: Clinton Administration Requests $497 million for NT-Related R&D Funding. Foresight Nanotech Institute. Retrieved 4/02/2007 from http: //www. foresight. org/Updates/Update 40. 1. html • UNL News Releases (2006, December). Self-assembling nano-ice discovered at UNL; structure resembles DNA. Retrieved 6/28/2007 from http: //ucommxsrv 1. unl. edu/unlnews/public/fmpro? -db=unlnews. fp 5&format=newsrelease. shtml&-lay=unlnews&-recid=33994&-find= 26

References, Continued • Wikipedia (2007). Moore’s Law. Retrieved 7/02/2007 from http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Moore%27 s_law • Wikipedia (2007). Nature. Retrieved 7/05/2007 from http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Category: Nature • Wong, H. S. Philip (2006, March). Nanoelectronics – Opportunities and Challenges. International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems. Vol. 16, Issue 1, p. 83, 12 p. • Yamaguchi, Tomohiko; Epstein, Irving; Shimomura, Masatsugu; & Kunitake, Toyoki (2005, December). Vol. 15, Issue 4, p. N, 3 p. • Zyvex: Nanotechnology Website: There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom. Retrieved 6/27/2007 from http: //www. zyvex. com/nanotech/feynman. html. 27