Introduction to Motor Development Chapter 1 Copyright 2016

Introduction to Motor Development Chapter 1 Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

Human Motor Development—What Is It? �Changes that occur in our ability to move as we proceed through life �An § academic field of study The “study of changes in human movement across the lifespan and the processes that affect those changes. ” (Clark & Whitall, 1989, p. 194) Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

Reflecting on Movement �As you get ready to study movement and motor development, which is more important, in your opinion? The end result of a movement (for example, was a basketball player’s jump shot successful, and did she make the basket? ) § The techniques of how the movement was done, regardless of the end result § �Why do you think this? Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

Importance of Motor Development �Enables diagnosis of problems in those who are not developing typically �Demonstrates how to improve/perfect movement performance �Helps to understand how special populations develop movement skills and then improve/perfect movement performance Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

Domains of Human Development �Cognitive: Intellectual development �Affective: Social/emotional aspects of development �Psychomotor (motor): Development of human movement �Physical: All types of bodily change Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

Development �The changes we experience as we pass through life �“An interactional process that leads to changes in behavior over the life-span. ” (Motor Development Task Force, 1995, p. 2) Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

Elements of Developmental Change Development is. . . Qualitative Sequential Cumulative Directional Multifactorial Individual Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

Developmental Perspective �Researchers want to understand more than the current movement behavior. �Not just today’s behavior but also what preceded the behavior and what will evolve from it. Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

Maturation & Growth �Maturation § Qualitative functional changes occurring with age �Growth § Quantitative structural changes occurring with age Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

Cephalocaudal and Proximodistal— Indicate Developmental Direction � Cephalocaudal “From head to tail” § Human development progresses from the head down to the feet § Example: Learning to walk § � Proximodistal “From closest to the body center to points close to the periphery” § Example: Grasping § Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

Differentiation and Integration �Differentiation: § Progression from gross or immature movement to precise, wellcontrolled, intentional movement �Integration: § Various muscle systems function together How is this child demonstrating Integration? Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

Gross and Fine Movement �Gross movement Controlled primarily by large muscles or muscle groups § Examples: Walking and running § �Fine movement Small muscles or muscle groups § Examples: Drawing, sewing, playing a musical instrument § Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

Combination of Gross and Fine Movements �Very few movements are completely governed by either the small or the large muscle groups § For example, throwing is a gross movement, but a fine motor component is critical Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

Process–Product Controversy— Measuring Movement �Product approach: Focus is on the end result or outcome. § Did the child catch the ball? �Process approach: Emphasis is on the movement itself, with little attention to the outcome. § What is the child’s technique when trying to catch the ball? Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

Age Periods Across the Lifespan Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

Stages of Development �Stages (or period, phase, time, or level) Particular times in life are characterized by certain behaviors. § Example: Terrible twos § �Do such abrupt beginnings and ends of behavioral states really occur? Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

Models of Lifespan Motor Development �Gallahue, Ozmun, and Goodway (2012): Motor development is an hourglass �Newell (1986): Constraints that affect or limit movement �Clark and Metcalfe (2002): A metaphor—the Mountain of Motor Development Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

Mountain of Motor Development Source: Adapted from Figure 1, in Clark, J. E. , & Metcalfe, J. S. (2002). The mountain of motor development: A metaphor. In J. E. Clark & J. Humphrey (Eds. ), Motor development: Research and reviews. Reston, VA: NASPE Publications. Reprinted with permission of SHAPE America, www. shapeamerica. org.

Motor Development Is Like Learning to Climb a Mountain �Progression, sometimes followed by regression �Periods of development § Each period contributes to skill acquisition that’s necessary for the next period. Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

Periods of Development Reflexive Preadapted Fundamental patterns Context specific Skillful Compensation Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

Periods in the History of the Motor Development Field �Precursor period �Maturational period �Normative/descriptive period �Process-oriented period �Dynamic systems period Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

History of the Field—Currently �A new, sixth period �Rapid advancement of state-of-the-art, noninvasive technology (e. g. , MRI, EEG) Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers

Videos—Typical and Atypical Motor Development in Babies �View comparisons of typical and atypical motor development in babies at various ages. Copyright © 2016 by Holcomb Hathaway Publishers