Introduction to microbiology Classification and nomenclature of microorganisms

Introduction to microbiology. Classification and nomenclature of microorganisms. 09. 02. 2011

Course Introduction Instructor: Dr Elena Romancenco Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology E-mail: [email protected] com WEBSITE: www. microbio. ukoz. com

Course objectives Ø List major groups of microorganisms and their habitats. Ø Overview and history of Microbiology. Ø Describe the system of scientific nomenclature used to name microorganisms.

Definition Ø Microbiology (mikros bios logos – Ø Microbiology is the study of Ø Microbiology - study the organisms small, live, study) study microorganisms and their activities. microorganisms usually less than 1 mm in diameter which requires some form of magnification to be seen clearly. that can exist as single cells, contain a nucleic acid genome for at least some part of their life cycle, and are capable of replicating that genome themselves or getting replicated with the help of host cells

Branches of Microbiology Ø Bacteriology: study of bacteria Ø Mycology: study of fungi Ø Virology: study of viruses l Beijerinck, NE: discovered intracellular reproduction of TMV; coined the term “virus” (1899) Ø Parasitology: study of protozoa and parasitic worms

Branches of Microbiology Ø Immunology: study of immunity l l l Ø Edward Jenner, UK: developed vaccination (1798) Metchnikoff, RU: discovered phagocytes (1884) Paul Ehrlich, DE: theory of immunity (1890) Chemotherapy l l Treatment of disease by using chemical means Antibiotics produced naturally Synthetic drugs Paul Ehrlich (1878) – used arsenic compounds to fight disease

Branches of Microbiology Ø Chemotherapy l l Ø Alexander Fleming, Scotland (1928) discovered penicillin Selman Waksman, Ukraine (1944) discovered streptomycin Problems l l Toxicity of drugs => Selective toxicity Resistance of bacteria to drugs

Microorganisms are everywhere, but why is so important to learn about them? Affect our lives in many different ways.

Ø Microbes are capable of growing in a wide variety of environments. Ø Bacteria will grow in frigid glaciers to boiling volcanic springs, dry sands to the open ocean.

IMPORTANCE OF MICROORGANISMS Ø Ø Ø Ø Microorganisms are the oldest forms of life. Nutrient production & energy flow Production of foods Decomposition (bioremediation) Without certain microorganism life could not exist; produce O 2 and N 2 Production of drugs & vaccines Genetic engineering Causing disease Microorganisms have killed more people than have ever been killed in war.

Why Study Medical Microbiology? Ø The majority of serious diseases in humans (especially those of early childhood) are due to microbial infections. Ø Prior to the discovery of antibiotics and vaccines, a large proportion of children died before adulthood because of infectious disease. Ø Till 1900, the average life expectancy in the United States was 40 years of age. Ø In 2000 - 80 years, largely due to the near eradication of most serious early childhood diseases. Ø This trend is seen in the gap between developed and developing countries in terms of causes of death (mortality).

MICROBES Ø MICROBES includes all those living organisms that can not be viewed (seen) in any detail by the human eye. Ø Alternatively, a MICROBE is any living creature that must be examined with a magnifying lens in order to see its unique physical characteristics (size, shape, motility, color).

Microbes Pathogen or pathogenic - capable of producing disease. Ø Though only a minority of microorganisms are pathogenic, practical knowledge of microbes is necessary for their treatment so is highly relevant to medicine and related health sciences. l Ø Normal flora [normal microbiota] - not typicallydisease-causing l • • microorganisms normally found in and on healthy individuals. on the skin, in the eyes, in the nose, in the mouth, in the upper throat, in the lower urethra, in the lower intestine.

a photosynthetic cyanobacterium the Bacterium Escherichia coli; a fungus Ebola virus the malaria parasite (a protozoan

n. A, Influenza virus; n. B, West Nile Virus; n. C, Staphylococcus aureus; D, Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Microbiologists may be interested in various characteristics or activities of microbs and may study: l l l Microbial morphology Microbial cytology Microbial physiology Microbial ecology Microbial genetics and molecular biology Microbial taxonomy

Classification of life

Ø For many years, living organisms were divided into two kingdoms: l Animalia (animal) and l Plantae (vegetable).

Classification Schemes Two kingdoms Plantae Animalia

Ø But after 1800 s, scientists realized that these two kingdoms could not adequately express the diversity of life. Ø Since the 1960 s, the most widely used scheme - five kingdoms. Ø Viruses are separate group of biological entities, although not organisms in the same sense as Eukaryotes, Archaea and Bacteria.

Classification schemes, 5 kingdoms Plantae Monera Protista Plantae Fungi Prokaryotes Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea (Eubacteria) (Archaeabacteria) Eukaryotes Animalia

Classification of Life Ø 3 major Domains of life l l l Ø Bacteria Archaea Eukaryota (Eukarya) The first two are Prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea)- without true nucleus, while the Eukaryotes all have a true nucleus in each cell. The 3 Domains. Source: http: //www. ucmp. berkeley. edu/alllife/images/domains_small. gif

Kingdom Monera Ø All organisms in the Kingdom Monera are prokaryotes. l l lack nuclei and organelles most of their cell walls are made of peptidoglycan (the exceptions are the archaebacteria). Ø The archaebacteria have cell walls that lack peptidoglycan, cell membranes that utilize different lipids, and ribosomes similar to those found in eukaryotes. Ø The bacteria (eubacteria-true bacteria) are characterized by how they metabolize resources, their means of motility, and their shape. Ø Most organisms in the Kingdom Monera reproduce through binary fission (asexual) or conjugation (sexual).

Bacteria Ø Most utilize flagella for movement. Ø Digestion is extracellular (outside the cell) and nutrients are absorbed into the cell. Ø Circulation and digestion in Kingdom Monera is accomplished through diffusion.

Bacterial Classification by Ø Metabolism Ø Morphology (shape) Ø Staining, etc

According the metabolism l l l Autotrophs manufacture their own organic compounds. Heterotrophs obtain their energy by feeding on other organic substances. Saprophytes, a special kind of heterotroph, obtain energy by feeding on decaying matter.

According the symbiotic relationships with other organisms: l l l In parasitism, harm is caused to the host. In commensalism, one organism benefits while the other is unaffected. In mutualism, both organisms benefit.

According the respiration: l l l In obligate aerobes, the prokaryotes must have oxygen to live. In obligate anaerobes, the organisms cannot survive in the presence of oxygen. And in facultative anaerobes they can survive with or without oxygen.

According the shapes: l cocci (spherical), l bacillus (rod shaped), and l spirillum (spirals).

Classification of bacteria • Cocci l l Micrococcus Staphylococci • Irregular clusters of cocci Diplococci • Pairs of cocci Streptococci • Chains of cocci

Classification of bacteria l Bacilli l Rod like l Diplobacilli • Pairs of bacilli l Streptobacilli • Chains of bacilli l Spirochetes • Spiral

Size of bacteria Ø Unit of microbial measurement l micrometers (um) • 1 um being 10 -6 m or 0. 000001 m(1/25, 000 inch) l nanometers • 1 nm being 10 -9 or 0. 00001 m. Ø Pathogenic bacterial species vary from approximately 0. 4 to 2 um in size

Taxonomy Ø Taxonomy is the classification of organisms. The most common system in use today is the Five Kingdoms: l l l Ø Organisms in each kingdom are divided into phyla. l l l Ø Monera (Prokaryota), Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. In each phylum, organisms are separated into classes. In each class, organisms are segregated into orders. In each order, organisms are divided into families. In each family, organisms are separated by genus. And finally, in each genus organisms are divided into species. Just remember that King Philip Can Order For Genial Students.

Naming micoorganisms Ø Binomial (scientific) nomenclature Ø Gives each microbe 2 names l l l Genus - noun, always capitalized and may be abbreviated species - adjective, lowercase, never abbreviated A genus name may be used alone to indicate a genus group; a species name is never used alone • eg: Bacillus subtilis B. subtilis Ø Both italicized or underlined l l l Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) Escherichia coli (E. coli)

Nomenclature Ø Common or descriptive names (trivial names) l Names for organisms that may be in common usage, but are not taxonomic names • eg: tubercle bacillus (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) • meningococcus (Neiserria meningitidis) • Group A streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes)

Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes Kingdom - Monera Ø Domain - Bacteria Ø Phylum – Proteobacteria Ø Class – Gammaproteoba Ø Order – Enterobacteriale Ø Family – Enterobacteriace Ø Genus – Escherichia Ø Species – Escherichia coli Ø

"The role of the infinitely small in nature is infinitely large" Louis Pasteur

Historical Perspectives

Historical YEAR NAME ACHIEVEMENT 1 st century BC Varo Concept of “Animalia minuta” 1546 Fracostorius Contagion- Cause of syphilis 1590 Jensen Hand lens 1683 Antony van Leeuwenhoek First Microscope “Animalcules” 1678 Robert Hook Compound microscope 1745 Needham (Priest) Abiogenesis 1836 Schulze & Schwan Air contains microbes 1840 Oliver Homes, Poet physician Contageousness & Puerperal fever 1846 Ignaz Semmelweis Cause, concept & prophylaxis of child-bed fever 1853 Augustino Bassi Silk worm disease due to a fungus

Pioneers of Microbiology Ø Robert Hooke, UK (1665) l l l Ø Spontaneous generation l Ø Proposed the Cell Theory Observed cork with crude microscope All living things are composed of cells Some forms of life could arise spontaneously from non-living matter Francesco Redi, IT (1668) l Redi’s experiments first to dispprove S. G.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek First to observe living microbes Ø his single-lens magnified up to 300 X Ø (1632 -1723)

Louis Pasteur Ø Ø Ø Ø (1822 -1895) French chemist Father/Founder of Modern Microbiology Fermentation – a microbiological process Beer/Wine not produced without microbes Showed microbes caused fermentation & spoilage Disproved spontaneous generation of m. o. Developed aseptic techniques. Developed a rabies vaccine.

Louis Pasteur 1822 -95 Ø Ø Ø Ø Methods & Techniques of cultivation Introduced sterilization Tyndalization (Tyndal-1877) Studied Silkworm disease, anthrax, chicken cholera, hydrophobia. Introduced live vaccines – Jenner (Cowpox vaccine) Antirabic vaccine Pasteur Institutes

Joseph Lister 1867 Prof of Surgery, Glasgow Royal Infirmatory Ø Introduced Antiseptic Surgery Ø Called Father of Antiseptic Surgery Ø

Robert Koch Ø Ø Ø Ø (1843 -1910) German general practitioner Perfected bacteriological techniques Isolated pure cultures of bacteria for the first time Discovered Anthrax bacilli, Cholera vibrio, M. tuberculosis Father of Medical Microbiology Hypersensitivity Established a sequence of experimental steps to show that a specific m. o. causes a particular disease.

Highlights in the History of Microbiology 1887 Ø Invented Petri Dish (R. J. Petri) 1892 Ø Discovered viruses (Dmitri Iosifovich Ivanovski) 1899 Ø Recognized viral dependence on cells for reproduction (Martinus Beijerinck) 1900 Ø Proved mosquitoes carried the yellow fever agent (Walter Reed) 1910 Ø Discovered cure for syphilis (Paul Ehrlich) 1928 Ø Discovered Penicillin (Alexander Fleming)

Highlights in the History of Microbiology 1977 Developed a method to sequence DNA (W. Gilbert & F. Sanger) Ø 1983 Polymerase Chain Reaction invented (Kary Mullis) Ø 1995 First microbial genomic sequence published (H. influenzae) (TIGR) Ø