Introduction to MATLAB Vectors and Matrices Lab 2

Introduction to MATLAB [Vectors and Matrices] Lab 2

Vectors and Matrices n n n Vectors (arrays) are defined as >> v = [1, 2, 4, 5] >> w = [1; 2; 4; 5] Matrices (2 D arrays) defined similarly >> A = [1, 2, 3; 4, -5, 6; 5, -6, 7]

Vectors and Matrices q a vector x = [1 2 5 1] x= 1 2 5 1 q a matrix x= 1 2 5 1 3 2 q transpose y= 1 2 3 5 1 4 3 2 -1 x = [1 2 3; 5 1 4; 3 2 -1] 3 4 -1 y = x’

Vectors and Matrices q t =1: 10 t= 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 k =2: -0. 5: -1 q k= 2 1. 5 1 0. 5 0 -0. 5 -1 q B = [1: 4; 5: 8] x= 1 2 5 6 3 7 4 8

Computing with MATLAB Arithmetic Operator & Their Precedence Operations Operators Examples Addition Subtraction Multiplication Right Division Left Division Exponentiation Precedence Order 1 2 3 4 Operators Parentheses ( ). For nested parentheses, the innermost are executed first. Exponentiation, ^ Multiplication, *; Division, /, Addition, +; Subtraction, -

n Generating Vectors from functions zeros(M, N) Mx. N matrix of zeros x = zeros(1, 5) x = 0 0 0 >> zeros(5, 1); n ones(M, N) Mx. N matrix of ones Mx. N matrix of uniformly distributed random numbers on (0, 1) A=rand(5); B=rand(1, 5); C=rand(5, 1) a=randn(5); b=randn(1, 5); c=randn(5, 1) n x = ones(1, 3) x = 1 1 1 rand(M, N) x = rand(1, 3) x = 0. 9501 0. 2311 0. 6068

Matrix Operators n n n n All common operators are overloaded >> v + 2 Common operators are available >> B = A’ >> A*B >> A+B Note: Matlab is case-sensitive A and a are two different variables • Transponate conjugates complex entries; avoided by >> B=A’

Indexing Matrices n. Index complete row or column using the colon operator n>> A(1, : ) n. Can also add limit index range n>> A(1: 2, : ) n>> A([1 2], : ) n. General notation for colon operator n>> v=1: 5 n>> w=1: 2: 5 n

Indexing Matrices Addressing vector : (colon operator) Addressing matrix : (colon operator) A(: , n) A(n, : ) A(: , m: n) Refers to the elements in all the rows of column n of the matrix A. Refers to the elements in all the columns of row n of the matrix A. Refers to the elements in all the rows between columns m and n of the matrix A. A(m: n, : ) Refers to the elements in all the columns between rows m and n of the matrix A. A(m: n, p: q) Refers to the elements in rows m through n and columns p through q of the matrix A.

Matrix information commands Try them…by typing >> help size >> help length >> help ndims

Matrix Index n n The matrix indices begin from 1 (not 0 (as in C)) The matrix indices must be positive integer Given: A(-2), A(0) Error: ? ? ? Subscript indices must either be real positive integers or logicals. A(4, 2) Error: ? ? ? Index exceeds matrix dimensions.

Matrix Index Address MAT = = 3 4 13 11 7 9 6 10 0 (1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) 3 11 6 (2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) 4 7 10 5 2 8 (1, 4) 5 (2, 4) 2 (3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) 13 9 0 8

Commands for building arrays and Matrices

Concatenation of Matrices n x = [1 2], y = [4 5], z=[ 0 0] A = [ x y] 1 2 4 5 B = [x ; y] 1 2 4 5 You can try ‘cat’ command as well… for concatenation C = [x y ; z] Error: ? ? ? Error using ==> vertcat CAT arguments dimensions are not consistent.

Matrices Operations Given A and B: Addition Subtraction Product Transpose

Operation on Matrices

Operators (Element by Element) . * element-by-element multiplication. / element-by-element division. ^ element-by-element power

The use of “. ” – “Element” A= [1 2 3; 5 1 4; 3 2 1] Operation A= 1 5 3 x = A(1, : ) x= 2 1 2 3 4 -1 y = A(: , 3) y= 1 2 3 3 4 -1 b = x. * y c=x. /y d = x. ^2 b= c= 0. 33 0. 5 -3 d= 3 8 -3 K= x^2 Erorr: ? ? ? Error using ==> mpower Matrix must be square. B=x*y Erorr: ? ? ? Error using ==> mtimes Inner matrix dimensions must agree. 1 4 9

Example of element wise operation Most elementary functions, such as sin, exp, etc. act as elementwise

Reducing functions…. try them

Multi-dimensional matrices 5 5 5 7 4 Scalar of 1 X 1 Row Vector of 1 X 3 5 10 56 6 4 6 7 78 86 One Dimensional Matrix of 3 X 3 5 14 12 10 56 6 10 504 4 6 5 10 56 85 23 89 0 6 4 6 23 2 7 78 86 53 6 Two Dimensional Matrix of 3 X 5 7 4 Column vector of 3 X 1 5 14 12 10 56 6 5 10 56 85 23 89 0 6 4 6 23 2 0 7 78 86 53 6 Three Dimensional Matrix of 3 X 5