Introduction to Linguistics Ms Suha Jawabreh Lecture 11
Introduction to Linguistics Ms. Suha Jawabreh Lecture 11
The Components of Language 1. Sounds – Phonetics and Phonology 2. Words – Morphology 3. Phrases and sentences- Syntax 4. Meaning- Semantics and Pragmatics
Word-formation Processes What is a word-formation process? word formation is the creation of a new word.
1. Coinage is the invention of totally new terms. -The most typical resource is the invented trade names for one company’s product which become general terms. -Examples: aspirin, kleenex, nylon
2. Borrowing is the taking over of words from other languages. - -Throughout history, English language has adopted a vast number of loan-words from other languages.
Examples Alcohol (Arabic) Boss( Dutch) Croissant ( French) Lilac ( Persian) Piano, pizza ( Italian) Pretzel ( German) Robot ( Czech) Tycoon ( Japanese) Yogurt ( Turkish) Zebra ( Bantu).
-A special type of borrowing is described as loantranslation or calque. - In this process, there is a direct translation of the elements of a word into the borrowing language. - Example: Un gratte ciel ( literal translation : a scrape-sky) - In English it is referred to as a sky scraper.
3. Blending is the combining o two separate forms to produce a single term. - Blending is accomplished by taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of the other word.
Examples Smoke+ fog = smog Breakfast + lunch = brunch Spanish + English = spanglish
4. Clipping is the reduction of a word of more than one syllable to a shorter form in casual speech. Examples: 1. Back clipping Gasoline. . Gas Facsimile. . . . Fax Advertisement. . . ad
2. Middle Clipping Example: influenza. . . flu 3. Front clipping Example: telephone. . . phone 4. Complex clipping Example: situation comedy. . . . sit-com
5. Name clipping Examples: Edward. . . Ed Elizabeth. . . . Liz Michael. . . . Mike Ronald. . Ron
5. Acronyms (alphabetisms) are formed from the initial letters of a set of other words. Examples: -CD. . . Compact disk -UNESCO. . . United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. - Nato. . . North Atlantic Treaty Organization
- Slides: 13
