Introduction to Kinesiology By Dr M Abbas Jamil

Introduction to Kinesiology By: Dr. M. Abbas Jamil

Kinesiology: Kinesiology, also known as human kinetics, is the scientific study of human movement. Kinesiology addresses physiological, mechanical, and psychological mechanisms. OR the study of the principles of mechanics and anatomy in relation to human movement. kinesiology utilizes principles of mechanics, musculoskeletal anatomy, and neuromuscular physiology. Applications of kinesiology to human health include biomechanics and orthopedics, strength and conditioning, methods of rehabilitation, such as physical and occupational therapy, sport and exercise.

Types of Kinesiology: Applied Kinesiology: It has to do with muscle tone. Special Kinesiology: Studies interrelations between individual segments. Clinical Kinesiology: Consists of functional anatomy and physiotherapy • Functional Anatomy: Deals with joints, bones, Ligaments, basic movements and muscles. • Physiotherapy: Consists of examination: (Joint Play, muscle shortening, muscle weakness) and Treatment: (mobilization, manipulation)

Rehabilitation is a treatment designed to facilitate the process of recovery from injury, illness, or disease to as normal a condition as possible WHO Definition Rehabilitation of people with disabilities is a process aimed at enabling them to reach and maintain their optimal physical, sensory, intellectual, psychological and social functional levels. Functions of Rehabilitation: Rehabilitation addresses the patient's physical, psychological, and environmental needs. It is achieved by restoring the patient's physical functions and/or modifying the patient's physical and social environment

Types of Rehabilitation: Physical Therapy Physical therapy helps the patient restore the use of muscles, bones, and the nervous system through the use of heat, cold, , whirlpool baths, ultrasound, mobilization, manipulation, exercise and other techniques. It seeks to relieve pain, improve strength , mobility, and train the patient to perform important everyday tasks. Occupational Therapy Occupational therapy helps the patient regain the ability to do normal everyday tasks. This may be achieved by restoring old skills or teaching the patient new skills to adjust to disabilities.

Speech Therapy Speech therapy helps the patient correct speech disorders or restore speech Speech therapy may be prescribed to rehabilitate a patient after a brain injury, cancer, neuromuscular diseases, stroke The duration of the speech therapy program varies depending on the injury/illness being treated and the patient's response to therapy Rehabilitation Facilities: Rehabilitation services are provided in a variety of settings including: • Clinical practices, hospitals, nursing homes, sports medicine clinics, offices

Biomechanics: Biomechanics is the study of the structure and function of biological systems by means of the methods of mechanics. OR The application of mechanics to the living human body is called biomechanics. Mechanics is an area of science concerned with the behavior of physical bodies when subjected to forces or displacements, and the subsequent effects of the bodies on their environment. Mechanics may be further subdivided into: Statics is concerned with bodies at rest or in uniform motion. Dynamics: Dynamics is concerned with bodies that are accelerating or decelerating. Dynamic systems can be divided into kinetics and kinematics.

Kinetics: Kinetics are those forces causing movement. e. g. muscles, gravity Kinematics: Kinematics is the science of the motion of bodies in space. e. g. type, location, direction, planes of movement. It includes the movement of a single point on the body (such as the center of gravity), position of several segments (such as the upper extremity), or position of a single joint or motions that occur between adjacent joint surfaces. Kinematics is further divided into: Osteokinematics is concerned with the movements of the bones. Arthrokinematics: Arthrokinematics addresses the movements occurring between joint surfaces.

Basic terminologies: Standard Anatomical Position: The standard anatomic body position is defined as standing erect with the head, toes, and palms of the hands facing forward and with the fingers extended.

Medial refers to a location or position toward the midline, and lateral refers to location or position farther from the midline. For example, the ulna is on the medial side of the forearm, and the radius is lateral to the ulna. Anterior refers to the front of the body or to a position closer to the front than another. Posterior refers to the back of the body or to a position more to the back. For example, the sternum is anterior on the chest wall, and the scapula is posterior. Ventral is similar to that of anterior, and dorsal is a similar to that of posterior Distal means away from the trunk, and proximal means toward the trunk. For example, the elbow is proximal to the wrist but distal to the shoulder. Superior is used to indicate the location of a body part that is above another or to refer to the upper surface of an organ or structure. Inferior indicates that a body part is below another or refers to the lower surface of an organ or structure. For example, the body of the sternum is superior to the xiphoid process but inferior to the manubrium. Cranial and Caudal are also used. Cranial refers to a position or structure close to the head. Caudal refers to a position or structure closer to the feet. For example, cauda equina, is the inferior end of the spinal cord. A structure may be superficial or deep depending on its relative depth. For example, in describing the layers of the abdominal muscles, the external oblique is deep to the rectus abdominis but superficial to the internal oblique.

Flexion is the bending movement of one bone on another, causing a decrease in the joint angle. Extension is the straightening movement of one bone from another causing an increase of the joint angle. Hyperextension is the continuation of extension beyond the anatomical position. Flexion at the wrist may be called palmar flexion, and flexion at the ankle may be called plantar flexion. Extension at both wrist and ankle joints may be called dorsiflexion.

Abduction is movement away from the midline of the body and adduction is movement toward the midline. When the shoulder joint is flexed to 90 degrees and then abducted, it is called horizontal abduction. If the shoulder is adducted from this 90 -degree position, it is called horizontal adduction. When the hand moves laterally, or toward the thumb side, it is radial deviation. When the hand moves medially from the anatomical position toward the little finger side at the wrist, it is ulnar deviation.

When the trunk moves sideways, the term lateral bending is used. The trunk can laterally bend to the right or to the left. Circumduction is motion that describes a circular, cone-shaped pattern. It involves a combination of four joint motions: (1) flexion, (2) abduction, (3) extension, and (4) adduction.

If the anterior surface moves inward toward the midline, it is called medial rotation. This is sometimes referred to as internal rotation. Conversely, if the anterior surface moves outward away from the midline, it is called lateral rotation or external rotation. Rotation of the forearm is referred to as supination and pronation. In supination, the palm is facing forward, or anteriorly. In pronation, the palm is facing backward, or posteriorly. Inversion is moving the sole of the foot inward at the ankle. and eversion is the outward movement. Protraction is mostly a linear movement along a plane parallel to the ground away from the midline, and retraction is mostly a linear movement in the same plane but toward the midline

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