Introduction to Josephson Tunneling and Macroscopic Quantum Tunneling
- Slides: 31
Introduction to Josephson Tunneling and Macroscopic Quantum Tunneling Marc Manheimer November 5, 1999
Outline • • Review of Josephson Tunneling. Derivation of tilted washboard potential. Thermal lifetime (Fulton & Dunkleberger). Macroscopic Quantum Tunneling (Voss&Webb). • More recent work. November 5, 1999
Basic Tunnel Junction NIN Tunneling i v November 5, 1999
NIS Tunneling November 5, 1999
SIS Tunneling November 5, 1999
SIS Tunneling • No current flows at T=0 until the gap voltage is exceeded. • It takes 2 D 1 to break a Cooper pair, and leave it at the Fermi level, and another 2 D 2 to bring it to the conduction band in the second metal. (D 1+D 2 per electron) • The tunneling current is given by: November 5, 1999
The Wavefunction • The superconducting condensate is described by a Schrodinger equation, with wavefunction: • The phase of the wavefunction plays an important role in Josephson tunneling. November 5, 1999
Josephson Tunneling • In 1962, Josephson predicted. . . – A zero voltage super current: – An evolving phase difference, if a voltage is maintained across a junction: Metal 1 November 5, 1999 Oxide barrier Metal 2
Simple Derivation… Couple two superconductors… Separate real and imaginary… Impose a voltage between the two superconductors… Substitute the pair density… November 5, 1999 We get Josephson’s relationships with:
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Josephson Energy • One can derive the coupling free energy stored in the junction by integrating the electrical work done by a current source in changing the phase: • With a convenient reference for f: November 5, 1999
Tilted Washboard Potential I RSJ Model + i v _ November 5, 1999 Icsinq R C
Tilted Washboard Potential II The Potential November 5, 1999
Tilted Washboard Potential III Mechanical Analogue q G mg November 5, 1999
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Fulton &Dunkleberger Measured the effect of thermal noise on the lifetime of the zero voltage state. They scanned junction current, lowering the potential barrier, until the junction made the transition into the finite voltage state. The thermal lifetime is given by: The probability of switching to the finite voltage state is: November 5, 1999
Fulton & Dunkleberger November 5, 1999 H(K)
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Desired System Properties for QMT • Metastable state separted from a continuum. • Two macroscopically distinguishable states. • Frequency of small oscillations high enough that • Barrier height variable. • Experimentally describable in classical terms. November 5, 1999
Voss & Webb • Verify thermal switching at high T • As T® 0, the switching rate becomes dominated by quantum tunneling. Caldeira and Leggett fix the parameters, at T=0. November 5, 1999
Misc Parameters For Voss & Webb: For Fulton & Dunkleberger: November 5, 1999 Ic=1. 6 m. A Ic=160 n. A 2 x 1011 sec-1 7 x 1010 sec-1 3. 2 x 10 -3 e. V 3. 2 x 10 -4 e. V ~35 K ~3. 5 K
Voss & Webb An interesting aside, is that V&W write the barrier as: Also, V&W determined x=I/Ic by fitting to the exponential. November 5, 1999
Voss & Webb w/o zero point subtraction Incl zero point subtraction November 5, 1999
Voss & Webb November 5, 1999
Note: Curves change with T in MQT regime, as Ic continues to change. November 5, 1999
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Finite Temperature MQT • Subsequnt to V&W, several groups developed a finite T model. • MQT increases with T. • Washburn, Webb, Voss & Faris, published a follow-on which verifies predictions. PRL 54, p 2712 (1985). • Groups at Berkeley and SUNY/SB also verified predictions. November 5, 1999
WWV&F November 5, 1999
WWV&F November 5, 1999
- Tunneling
- Vereckei algorithm
- Josephson devices
- Josephson sign
- Michael josephson ethics
- Josephson junction
- Josephson junction
- Norman birge
- Alexander golubov
- Marvin josephson
- Josephson junctions
- Josephson effect
- Josephson institute of ethics
- Josephson c700s
- Classical mechanics
- Quantum physics vs quantum mechanics
- Wsn tunneling
- Qm tunneling
- Define scanning tunneling microscope
- Classification of quick bread
- Denis bardin
- Scanning tunneling microscope history
- Vpn tunneling
- Iodine dns tunnel tutorial
- Scanning tunneling microscope
- Tunneling technique woolf
- Scanning tunneling microscope
- Tunneling effect
- Azure forced tunneling
- Mtj tmr
- Cbe 150
- Macroscopic mechanical energy