Introduction to Information and Computer Science Computer Software

Introduction to Information and Computer Science Computer Software Lecture b This material (Comp 4_Unit 4 b) was developed by OHSU, funded by the Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology under Award Number [ IU 24 OC 000015 ].

Computer Software Learning Objectives • • • Define application vs. system software. (Lecture a) Give examples of application software focusing on healthcare systems. (Lecture a) Describe the functions of system software. (Lecture b) List different types of operating systems. (Lecture b) Explain the purpose and usage of file systems. (Lecture c) Introduction to Information and Computer Science Health IT Workforce Curriculum Computer Software Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Lecture b 2

System Software • Consists of programs that control/maintain operations of computer • Two types – Operating Systems – Utility Programs Introduction to Information and Computer Science Health IT Workforce Curriculum Computer Software Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Lecture b 3

Operating System (OS) • A set of programs that coordinate all activities of hardware resources • The layer between the hardware and application software • Unique to each individual computer hardware system (Gottschall, 1998, PD-Germany) Introduction to Information and Computer Science Health IT Workforce Curriculum Computer Software Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Lecture b 4

Example: Printing from Word Processor • Start the word processor – User clickson the icon for the word processor; OS starts the program • Open the document – User selects the document to open; word processor sends request to OS for the document – The OS finds it on the hard disk; sends it back to word processor – The word processor displays the document • Print the document (Clker, 2011, PD-US) – User selects print; word processor tells OS to print document – The OS sends the document to printer – The printer prints it Introduction to Information and Computer Science Health IT Workforce Curriculum Computer Software Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Lecture b 5

Functions of an OS • • Interfacing with users Booting the computer Configuring devices Managing processes Managing resources Managing memory Managing files Providing security Introduction to Information and Computer Science Health IT Workforce Curriculum Computer Software Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Lecture b 6

Interfacing with Users • Command line • GUI (SF 007, 2009, GNU GPL) • Examples – – – DOS Unix® Linux (without windowing) Note: we will describe the different operating systems in detail later in the lecture. (KDE, 2010, GNU-GPL) • Examples – Microsoft® Windows® – Mac OS and Mac OS X – KDE® (Linux windowing) Introduction to Information and Computer Science Health IT Workforce Curriculum Computer Software Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Lecture b 7

Booting the Computer • First task when you turn on computer • Starts the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) stored in ROM • The BIOS starts the OS – The “kernel” is started and runs the entire time your computer is powered on – Other utility programs are started later as needed – Detects devices and ensures they are configured properly • Other applications are launched – Determined by startup scripts Introduction to Information and Computer Science Health IT Workforce Curriculum Computer Software Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Lecture b 8

Configuring Devices • Devices are components that are connected to the computer – Printer, scanner, etc. • OS configures devices – Device drivers are small programs used by the OS to communicate with the device – The are unique to the OS (and version) and hardware – Need new device drivers when • • Device driver is corrupted or overwritten Upgrade computer Upgrade device Upgrade OS Introduction to Information and Computer Science Health IT Workforce Curriculum Computer Software Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Lecture b 9

Managing Processes • Processes are programs that are running • Most PCs have operating systems that are single user/multitasking – One user – Multiple programs/processes running at once • The OS has to manage which process is active (foreground process) and which are not (background processes) Introduction to Information and Computer Science Health IT Workforce Curriculum Computer Software Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Lecture b 10

Managing Resources • There are many resources in a computer – CPU – Memory – Devices – Disk storage – Network • The operating system controls which process controls which resource • It implements a scheduler for the processes so that each process gets a share of CPU time – Gives the illusion that multiple programs are running at the same time • It controls how devices are shared among processes • It provides access to memory, disk storage and the network Introduction to Information and Computer Science Health IT Workforce Curriculum Computer Software Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Lecture b 11

Processes View • Every OS provides a way to view running processes and the resources they use – Microsoft Windows has Task Manager – Mac OS has Activity Monitor/Process Viewer – “top” command in Unix/Linux Introduction to Information and Computer Science Health IT Workforce Curriculum Computer Software Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Lecture b 12

Example Processes View (Annew, 2009, CC BY-SA 3. 0) Introduction to Information and Computer Science Health IT Workforce Curriculum Computer Software Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Lecture b 13

Managing Memory • The OS manages memory – How it is accessed/addressed – Retrieving/storing data from/into memory (clker, 2011, PD-US) • Modern operating systems use virtual memory to give the illusion of more memory – Virtual memory larger than physical memory – OS maps virtual memory to physical memory – Uses hard disk space (“swap space”) for the part of virtual memory not currently loaded into physical memory (RAM) – “Swapping” is when instructions/data in “swap space” are loaded into RAM and some other instructions/data previously in RAM are saved in the “swap space” Introduction to Information and Computer Science Health IT Workforce Curriculum Computer Software Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Lecture b 14

Managing Files • Files are all the documents on your computer – Organized into folders/directories • The OS controls how these files are stored in secondary storage (hard disk drive) by using a file system • The file system provides an interface to the user for viewing and manipulating files – View file lists and folders/directories – Provides functions like copy, rename, move, delete, etc. (clker, 2011, PD-US) • The file system provides access to files/folders for application software Introduction to Information and Computer Science Health IT Workforce Curriculum Computer Software Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Lecture b 15

Providing Security • The Operating System provides some security – All processes related to OS run in system mode – Users can be defined as having different levels of access to the computer – Can be configured to update automatically – Can include integrated firewall • Still need standalone security applications – Anti-viral, anti-spyware, anti-malware Introduction to Information and Computer Science Health IT Workforce Curriculum Computer Software Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Lecture b (clker, 2011, PD-US) 16

Utility Programs • Software that performs a system maintenance task – Backing up files, diagnosing system problems, searching for a file, compressing files, etc. – Can provide accessibility features (clker, 2011, PD-US) • Can be included in OS or added as a stand-alone program Introduction to Information and Computer Science Health IT Workforce Curriculum Computer Software Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Lecture b 17

Types of OS • • For personal computers For servers For hand-held devices For embedded computers Introduction to Information and Computer Science Health IT Workforce Curriculum Computer Software Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Lecture b 18

OS for PCs • • • DOS Microsoft Windows – Microsoft Windows 1. 0 through 2000 – Microsoft Windows NT – Microsoft Windows XP – Microsoft Windows Vista – Microsoft Windows 7 Mac OS – Classic Mac OS – Mac OS 9 – Mac OS X 10. 1 – 10. 4 – Mac OS X 10. 4. 4 (Tiger Intel) – Mac OS X 10. 5 (Leopard) – Mac OS X 10. 6 (Snow Leopard) Introduction to Information and Computer Science Health IT Workforce Curriculum Computer Software Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Lecture b 19

Microsoft Windows XP (Used with permission from Microsoft, 2011). Introduction to Information and Computer Science Health IT Workforce Curriculum Computer Software Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Lecture b 20

Mac OS X 10. 6 (Apple Inc, 2011, with permission under Fair Use of Wikipedia non-free content. ) Introduction to Information and Computer Science Health IT Workforce Curriculum Computer Software Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Lecture b 21

Microsoft Windows vs. Mac OS X • Strengths of MS Window: – Most applications available for MS Windows® – Large variety of hardware that run MS Windows – Great support for devices • Weaknesses of MS Windows • Strengths of Mac OS X: – Easy to use – Reliable – Secure • Weaknesses of Mac OS X: – Limited software availability – Reliability – Security Introduction to Information and Computer Science Health IT Workforce Curriculum Computer Software Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Lecture b 22

OS for PCs and Servers • Unix – Developed in 1969 – Used for mainframes – Many different variations available • Linux – Open source version of Unix created by Linus Torvalds in 1991 Introduction to Information and Computer Science Health IT Workforce Curriculum Computer Software Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Lecture b 23

Linux (KDE 4 Windowing Environment) (KDE, 2010, GNU-GPL) Introduction to Information and Computer Science Health IT Workforce Curriculum Computer Software Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Lecture b 24

UNIX (Mar. Soft, 2009, GNU-GPL) Introduction to Information and Computer Science Health IT Workforce Curriculum Computer Software Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Lecture b 25

OS for Servers • Mac OS X Server • Microsoft Windows Server – Versions 2000, 2003, 2008 R 2 – Windows HPC Server 2008 • • Windows Small Business Server Windows Essential Small Business Server Windows Home Server Unix/Linux Introduction to Information and Computer Science Health IT Workforce Curriculum Computer Software Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Lecture b 26

OS for Handheld Devices • Palm OS • Microsoft Windows Mobile OS/Phone 7 • i. Phone i. OS 4 • Blackberry® OS • Android™ OS (Android SDK, 2010, Apache license, 2. 0) Introduction to Information and Computer Science Health IT Workforce Curriculum Computer Software Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Lecture b 27

OS for Embedded Systems • Embedded systems need their own OS • Some are proprietary and developed for that system alone • Some are commercially available and customizable – “Windows XP for Embedded Systems” version of XP (known as XPe) is made up of components – An implementation of XPe installs only the components of the OS that are necessary • Decreases the size of the OS • Increases the OS’s security • XPe was superseded by Windows Embedded Standard 2009, the current version • XPe is not available for PCs as it is licensed to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) who develop the embedded systems Introduction to Information and Computer Science Health IT Workforce Curriculum Computer Software Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Lecture b 28

Embedded OS Example • The Sono. Site, Inc. hand-carried ultrasound device runs with Windows Embedded CE – – – Is handheld Easy to use Boots in less than 15 seconds Provides instant images at an accident site or hospital setting Allows for USB support – Microsoft Web site, Sono. Site Inc. M-Turbo® Portable Ultrasound: Embedded medical devices – Visit: http: //www. sonosite. com/search/luceneapi_node/mturbo to view an image of the Sono. Site Inc. M-Turbo® Portable Ultrasound: machine. Introduction to Information and Computer Science Health IT Workforce Curriculum Computer Software Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Lecture b 29

Computer Software Summary - Lecture b • Operating Systems control the functions of computers • They act as an intermediary between the hardware and the software • They also provide a way for the user to interact with the computer • There are many different versions and brands of OS Introduction to Information and Computer Science Health IT Workforce Curriculum Computer Software Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Lecture b 30

Computer Software References – Lecture b References • Evans A, Martin K, Poatsey MA. (2010). Chapter 5: Using System Software: The Operating System, Utility Programs and File Management. In: Technology in Action: Complete. 7 th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. • KDE. [Webpage]. [updated 2011 Nov 12; cited 2011 Nov 12]. Available from: http: //www. kde. org. • The Linux Foundation. [Webpage]. [updated 2011 Nov 12; cited 2011 Nov 12]. Available from: http: //www. linuxfoundation. org. • Microsoft Windows. [Webpage]. [updated 2011 Nov 9; cited 2011 Nov 12]. Available from: http: //windows. microsoft. com/en-US/windows/home • Morley Deborah, Parker Charles S. (2010). Chapter 6: System Software: Operating Systems and Utility Programs. In: Understanding Computers Today and Tomorrow. 12 th ed. Boston: Course Technology. • OS X. [Webpage]. [updated 2011 Nov 12; cited 2011 Nov 12]. Available from: http: //www. apple. com/macosx/ • Parsons JJ, Oja D. (2010). Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management. In: New Perspectives on Computer Concepts 2011: Comprehensive. 13 th ed. Boston: Course Technology. • Shelley GB, Vermaat ME. (2010). Chapter 8: Operating Systems and Utility Programs. In: Discovering Computers 2011: Introductory. 1 st ed. Boston: Course Technology. • Sono. Site M-Turbo Portable Ultrasound: Embedded medical Devices. [Webpage]. [updated 2011 Nov 7, cited 2011 Nov 11; Available from: http: //www. microsoft. com/windowsembedded/en-us/about/casestudies/m-turbo. mspx. • The Unix System Homepage. [Webpage]. [updated 2011 Nov 12; cited 2011 Nov 12[; Available from: http: //www. unix. org. • Windows Embedded Web site. [webpage]. [updated 2011 Nov 9, cited 2011 Nov 11]; Available from: http: //www. microsoft. com/windowsembedded/en-us/default. mspx. Introduction to Information and Computer Science Health IT Workforce Curriculum Computer Software Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Lecture b 31

Computer Software References – Lecture b Images • Slide 4: Image of hands conducting an orchestra - stamp from Deutsche Post AG. [image on the Internet]. Gottschall, M. (c 1998). [Updated 3/25/2010; cited 11/8/2011]. Available from: http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Stamp_Germany_1998_Mi. Nr 2025_S%C 3%A 4 chsische_Staatskapelle_Dre sden. jpg. (PD-Germany). • Slide 5: Printer Image [image on the Internet]. c 2007 [Updated 11/13/2007; cited 11/8/2011]. Available from: http: //www. clker. com/clipart-3664. html. (PD-US). • Slide 7: Command Line Image [image on the Internet]. SF 007, (c 2009). [Updated 1/19/2010; cited 11/8/2011]. Available from: http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: DOSBox_screenshot. png. (GNU-GPL). • Slides 7 & 24: KDE 4 Desktop Image [image on the Internet]. c 2010 [Updated 9/4/2011; cited 11/8/2011]. Available from: http: //wikimediafoundation. org/wiki/File: Plasma_Desktop_4. 4. jpg • Slide 13: KDE Process Viewer Image [image on the Internet]. KDE (c 2009). [Updated 1/10/2010; cited 11/8/2011]. Available from: http: //userbase. kde. org/File: System. Activity. png. (GNU-GPL). • Slide 14: Thinking Image [image on the Internet]. c 2008 [Updated 12/7/2008; cited 11/8/2011]. Available from: http: //www. clker. com/clipart-14640. html. (PD-US). • Slide 15: File Folders Image [image on the Internet]. c 2008 [Updated 3/26/2008; cited 11/8/2011]. Available from: http: //www. clker. com/clipart-green-yellow-blue-violet-folders. html. (PD-US). • Slide 16: Fire Wall Image [image on the Internet]. c 2007 [Updated 11/18/2007; cited 11/8/2011]. Available from: http: //www. clker. com/clipart-10227. html. (PD-US). • Slide 17: System Tools Image [image on the Internet]. c 2010 [Updated 6/22/2010; cited 11/8/2011]. Available from: http: //www. clker. com/clipart-preferences-system. html. (PD-US). Introduction to Information and Computer Science Health IT Workforce Curriculum Computer Software Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Lecture b 32

Computer Software References – Lecture b Images • • Slide 20: A screenshot of Windows XP Professional with Service Pack 3 installed. Image [image on the Internet]. Microsoft (c 2011). [Updated 5/9/2011; cited 11/8/2011]. Available from: http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Windows_XP_SP 3. png. Used with permission from Microsoft. Slide 21: A screenshot of the Snow Leopard desktop. (Snow Leopard) Image [image on the Internet]. Apple Inc (c 2009). [Updated 2/17/2010; cited 11/8/2011]. Available from: http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Snow_Leopard_Desktop. png. Used with permission under Fair Use of Wikipedia non-free content. Slide 25: Unix Command Line Image [image on the Internet]. c 2006 [Updated 1/11/2010; cited 11/8/2011]. Available from: http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Bash_screenshot. png Slide 27: Android OS Image [image on the Internet]. Android, SDK (c 2010). [Updated 5/20/2010; cited 11/8/2011]. Available from: http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Android-2. 2. png. http: //www. apache. org/licenses/LICENSE-2. 0. Introduction to Information and Computer Science Health IT Workforce Curriculum Computer Software Version 3. 0/Spring 2012 Lecture b 33