Introduction to INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE Industrial Hygiene uthat science

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Introduction to INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE

Introduction to INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE

Industrial Hygiene u“that science or art devoted to the anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control

Industrial Hygiene u“that science or art devoted to the anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control of those environmental factors or stresses, arising in or from the workplace, that may cause sickness, impaired health and well-being, or significant discomfort and inefficiency among workers”

History u. Circa 400 BC – lead toxicity in mining (Hippocrates) u 500 years

History u. Circa 400 BC – lead toxicity in mining (Hippocrates) u 500 years later – Pliny the Elder, a Roman scholar – zinc and sulfur hazards – protective mask

History u 2 nd Century AD – Galen • copper miners exposure to acid

History u 2 nd Century AD – Galen • copper miners exposure to acid mists u 1473 – Ulrich Ellenbog • publication n occupational illness in gold miners

History u 1556 – Agricola, German scholar • diseases of coal miners • preventive

History u 1556 – Agricola, German scholar • diseases of coal miners • preventive measures • publication - De Re Metallica u 1700’s – Bernardino Ramazzini • father of industrial hygiene

OSH Act of 1970 u The purpose of the OSH Act is to “assure

OSH Act of 1970 u The purpose of the OSH Act is to “assure so far as possible every working, man and woman in the nation safe and healthful working conditions and to preserve our human resources. ”

Environmental Factors or Stresses u. Chemical hazards – gases, vapors, dusts, fumes, mists, and

Environmental Factors or Stresses u. Chemical hazards – gases, vapors, dusts, fumes, mists, and smoke u. Physical hazards – non-ionizing and ionizing radiation, noise, vibration, extreme temperatures and pressures

Environmental Factors or Stresses u. Ergonomic hazards – workstation design, repetitive motion, improper lifting/reaching,

Environmental Factors or Stresses u. Ergonomic hazards – workstation design, repetitive motion, improper lifting/reaching, poor visual conditions u. Biological hazards – insects, mold, yeast, fungi, bacteria, and viruses

Routes of Entry u. Inhalation – airborne contaminants u. Absorption – penetration through the

Routes of Entry u. Inhalation – airborne contaminants u. Absorption – penetration through the skin u. Ingestion – eating – drinking

OSHA Hierarchy of Control ÊEngineering controls ËWork practice controls ÌAdministrative controls ÍPersonal protective equipment

OSHA Hierarchy of Control ÊEngineering controls ËWork practice controls ÌAdministrative controls ÍPersonal protective equipment (PPE)

Types of Exposure u. Acute – Short term period between exposure and onset of

Types of Exposure u. Acute – Short term period between exposure and onset of symptoms u. Chronic – Long time period between exposure to an agent and the onset of symptoms

Types of Air Contaminants u. Particulates – dusts, fumes, mists, and fibers – non

Types of Air Contaminants u. Particulates – dusts, fumes, mists, and fibers – non respirable particles • > 10 m in diameter – respirable particles • < 10 m in diameter

Types of Air Contaminants u. Fumes – volatilized solids condenses in cool air •

Types of Air Contaminants u. Fumes – volatilized solids condenses in cool air • < 1. 0 m in diameter – hot vapor + air (reaction with) = oxide u. Mists – suspended solid droplets – generated by a condensation of liquids from a vapors to a liquid state

Types of Air Contaminants u. Fibers – solid, slender, elongated structures – length several

Types of Air Contaminants u. Fibers – solid, slender, elongated structures – length several times the diameter u. Gases – formless fluids that expand to occupy a space • arc-welding, internal combustion engine exhaust air u Vapors – liquid changed to vapor • organic solvents

Units of Concentration uppm – parts per million umg/m 3 – milligrams per cubic

Units of Concentration uppm – parts per million umg/m 3 – milligrams per cubic meter umppcf – millions or a particle per cubic foot uf/cc – fibers per cubic centimeter

Exposure Limits Air Contaminants u. OSHA – Occupational Safety and Health Administration u. NIOSH

Exposure Limits Air Contaminants u. OSHA – Occupational Safety and Health Administration u. NIOSH – National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health u. ACGIH – American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists

Exposure Limits Air Contaminants u. OSHA – PEL • permissible exposure limit u. NIOSH

Exposure Limits Air Contaminants u. OSHA – PEL • permissible exposure limit u. NIOSH – REL • recommended exposure level u. ACGIH – TLV • threshold limit value

Exposure Limits Air Contaminants u. OSHA – PEL, STEL, Ceiling u. NIOSH – TWA,

Exposure Limits Air Contaminants u. OSHA – PEL, STEL, Ceiling u. NIOSH – TWA, STEL, Ceiling u. ACGIH – TWA, STEL, Ceiling

Exposure Limits Air Contaminants u. TWA – takes into account variable exposure through a

Exposure Limits Air Contaminants u. TWA – takes into account variable exposure through a full shift, 8 hour work day u. STEL – limit of exposure during a short period, 15 minutes u. CEILING – absolute maximum level of exposure not to be exceeded

Exposure Limits Air Contaminants u. Legally enforceable – OSHA PEL – OSHA AL (action

Exposure Limits Air Contaminants u. Legally enforceable – OSHA PEL – OSHA AL (action level)

Air Contaminants u 29 CFR 1910. 1000 – Table Z-1 • Substances with Limits

Air Contaminants u 29 CFR 1910. 1000 – Table Z-1 • Substances with Limits Preceded by “C” - Ceiling Values – Table Z-2 • employee’s exposure to Table Z-1 contaminants shall not exceed exposure limits listed in Z-2 (TWA and ceiling concentrations) – Table Z-3 • Mineral Dusts

Hearing Conservation u 2. 9 million workers experience 8 -hours noise exposures > 90

Hearing Conservation u 2. 9 million workers experience 8 -hours noise exposures > 90 b. BA u 29 CFR 1910. 95 – PEL • 90 d. BA • 8 hours • engineering and administrative controls

Hearing Conservation Program u. Mandatory – at an 8 -hour TWA > 85 d.

Hearing Conservation Program u. Mandatory – at an 8 -hour TWA > 85 d. BA u. Exposure monitoring u. Audiometric testing u. Hearing protection u. Employee training u. Recordkeeping

Hearing Conservation Program u. An effective program depends upon – employers – supervisors –

Hearing Conservation Program u. An effective program depends upon – employers – supervisors – employees – others

Bloodborne Pathogens u. Bloodborne pathogens include – Hepatitis B – HIV – Others u

Bloodborne Pathogens u. Bloodborne pathogens include – Hepatitis B – HIV – Others u 29 CFR 1910. 1030 – describes actions employers must take to reduce risk of exposure in the workplace

Bloodborne Pathogens u 29 CFR 1910. 1030 – Scope and application • all employees

Bloodborne Pathogens u 29 CFR 1910. 1030 – Scope and application • all employees with occupational exposure to blood and other potentially infectious materials (OPIM) – Exposure control plan (ECP)

Bloodborne Pathogens u 29 CFR 1910. 1030 - ECP – engineering and work practice

Bloodborne Pathogens u 29 CFR 1910. 1030 - ECP – engineering and work practice controls – personal protective equipment – training – medical surveillance – Hepatitis B vaccinations – signs and labels – other provisions

Industrial Hygiene u ANTICIPATION u RECOGNITION u EVALUTION u CONTROL

Industrial Hygiene u ANTICIPATION u RECOGNITION u EVALUTION u CONTROL