Introduction to Indian Highways CE 2020 Construction Materials

Introduction to Indian Highways CE 2020: Construction Materials Dr. B. Munwar Basha IIT Hyderabad

History of Road Development in the World CE 2020: Construction Materials Dr. B. Munwar Basha IIT Hyderabad 2

Mountain Trails CE 2020: Construction Materials Dr. B. Munwar Basha 3 IIT Hyderabad

Roman Roads CE 2020: Construction Materials Dr. B. Munwar Basha 4 IIT Hyderabad

Roman Road Construction CE 2020: Construction Materials Dr. B. Munwar Basha 5 IIT Hyderabad

Ancient Greek Roads – grooves and large stone blocks CE 2020: Construction Materials Dr. B. Munwar Basha 6 IIT Hyderabad

Macadam Road CE 2020: Construction Materials Dr. B. Munwar Basha IIT Hyderabad 7

India Grand Trunk Road 2, 500 kilometres (1, 600 mi). CE 2020: Construction Materials Dr. B. Munwar Basha 8 IIT Hyderabad

Plank Road – Western US Early 20 th Century Plank roads were typically constructed of wood planks two inches thick and eight feet long, which were nailed to fourinch-square stringers at a 90 -degree angle. CE 2020: Construction Materials Dr. B. Munwar Basha 9 IIT Hyderabad

CE 2020: Construction Materials Dr. B. Munwar Basha 10 IIT Hyderabad

History of Road Development in India n Ancient Period (3500 BC) n Mughul Period (15 th Century) n British Period (17 th & 18 th Century) n Free India (1950 onwards) CE 2020: Construction Materials Dr. B. Munwar Basha IIT Hyderabad 11

Types of Ancient Indian • Indus Valley Civilization (Harrapa and Mohenjedaro): Roads Ø Roads with brick drains on both sides. • Mauryan rule in the 4 th century constructed Rajpath (high roads) Ø Banikpaths (merchant roads). Ø • Ashoka Regime: Road networks with horticulture and rest houses at 4. 8 – 6. 4 km along the roads. Ø • Mughul Period ØTrunk roads between Northwest to Eastern part and also linking coastal and central part of India • British Period Trunk roads, bridges, PWD was formed, construction of Grand Trunk Road Ø CE 2020: Construction Materials Dr. B. Munwar Basha IIT Hyderabad 12

Indian Roads n India has a large road network of over 3. 314 million kilometers of roadways (2. 1 million miles). n It is 3 rd largest road network in the world. n At 0. 66 km of highway per square kilometer of land the density of India’s highway network is higher than that of the United States (0. 65) and far higher than that of China's (0. 16) or Brazil's (0. 20). CE 2020: Construction Materials Dr. B. Munwar Basha IIT Hyderabad 13

Golden Quadrilateral. It connects India's four largest metropolises: Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. Four other top ten metropolises: Bangalore, Pune, Ahmedabad, and Surat, are also served by the network. • The largest highway project in India, initiated by Atal Bihari Vajpayee, it is the first phase of the National Highways Development Project (NHDP), • It consists of building 5, 846 km (3, 633 mi) of four/six lane express highways. • Cost : 60, 000 crore CE 2020: Construction Materials Dr. B. Munwar Basha IIT Hyderabad 14

n Impact of Transportation Economic Development n Social Development n Spatial Development n Cultural Development n Political Development CE 2020: Construction Materials Dr. B. Munwar Basha IIT Hyderabad 15

Classification of Depending on weather Highways • All weather roads • Fair weather roads Depending on the type of Carriage way • Paved roads • Unpaved roads National highway act ( surface Depending upon the pavement • Surfaced roads 1956 ) • Un surfaced roads CE 2020: Construction Materials Dr. B. Munwar Basha IIT Hyderabad

Classification of Highways Based on the Traffic Volume q q q Heavy Medium Light Based on Load or Tonnage q Class 1 or Class 2 etc or Class A , B etc Tonnes per day Based on location and function ( Nagpur road plan ) q q q National Highway (NH) State Highway (SH) Major District Road (MDR) Other District Road (ODR) Village Roads (VR) CE 2020: Construction Materials Dr. B. Munwar Basha IIT Hyderabad

Based on modified system of Highways classification n Primary Ø Expressways Ø National Highways n Secondary Ø SH Ø MDR n Tertiary Ø ODR Ø VR CE 2020: Construction Materials Dr. B. Munwar Basha IIT Hyderabad

Classification of Roadways n Expressways 200 Km n National Highways 78, 651 Km n State Highways n 1, 56, 181 Km Major District Roads & Rural and Other Roads 44, 55, 510 Km Total = 46, 90, 542 Kms CE 2020: Construction Materials Dr. B. Munwar Basha IIT Hyderabad

Ø Ø Ø Expressway Heavy traffic at high speed (120 km/hr) Land Width (90 m) s Full access control Connects major points of traffic generation No slow moving traffic allowed No loading, unloading, parking. CE 2020: Construction Materials Dr. B. Munwar Basha IIT Hyderabad

National Highways n n n India has a huge network of national highways. The national highways have a total length of 78, 651 kms. Indian highways cover 2% of the total road network of India and carry 40% of the total traffic. The entire highway network of India is managed by the National Highway Authority of India which is responsible for development and maintenance of highways. Longest highway in India is NH 7 (2, 369 km), which stretches from Varansi in Uttar Pradesh to Kanyakumari in the southern most point of Indian mainland. Shortest National Highway is the NH 47 A (5. 9 km (3. 7 mi)), which connects Kundanoor Junction in Kochi city to the Kochi port at Willingdon Island. CE 2020: Construction Materials Dr. B. Munwar Basha IIT Hyderabad

NH 7 (2, 369 km) CE 2020: Construction Materials Dr. B. Munwar Basha IIT Hyderabad

National Highways in India CE 2020: Construction Materials Dr. B. Munwar Basha IIT Hyderabad

State Highways n n They are the arterial roads of a state, connecting up with the national highways of adjacent states, district head quarters and important cities within the state. Total length of all SH in the country is 1, 56, 181 Kms. CE 2020: Construction Materials Dr. B. Munwar Basha IIT Hyderabad

Major District Roads n Important roads with in a district serving areas of production and markets , connecting those with each other or with the major highways. CE 2020: Construction Materials Dr. B. Munwar Basha IIT Hyderabad

n Other district roads serving rural areas Roads of production and providing them with outlet to market centers or other important roads like MDR or SH. CE 2020: Construction Materials Dr. B. Munwar Basha IIT Hyderabad

n n Village They are roads connecting villages or group of villages with each other or to the nearest road of a higher category like ODR or MDR. India has 44, 55, 510 Km of MDR+ODR+VR out of the total 46, 90, 542 Kms of all type of roads. CE 2020: Construction Materials Dr. B. Munwar Basha IIT Hyderabad

Urban Road Classification Ø Ø Ø Ø ARTERIAL ROADS SUB ARTERIAL COLLECTOR LOCAL STREET CUL-DE-SAC PATHWAY DRIVEWAY CE 2020: Construction Materials Dr. B. Munwar Basha IIT Hyderabad

Water Bound Macadam (WBM) roads Ø The British engineer John Macadam introduced what Ø Ø Ø can be considered as the first scientific road construction method. WBM stands for Water Bound Macadam, and the term WBM road was derived in the memory of an engineer by name Macadam who designed and formulated this road section. This road is laid by binding the in-situ layers of boulders, stones, fine aggregates and fillers. The filler is made from the mixture of sand combined with either moorum quarry dust, or soil that is available in that locality. The filler is mixed with water and is used to fix stone boulders and the layers of coarse stones of varying sizes by compacting with a road roller to form the base of a road. The road can be used in this form itself. As an improvement, you can apply concreting or black topping above the WBM to make it better. CE 2020: Construction Materials Dr. B. Munwar Basha IIT Hyderabad 29

Spreading CE 2020: Construction Materials Dr. B. Munwar Basha IIT Hyderabad 30

Trenching CE 2020: Construction Materials Dr. B. Munwar Basha 31 IIT Hyderabad

Slopin g CE 2020: Construction Materials Dr. B. Munwar Basha 32 IIT Hyderabad

Camber Formation CE 2020: Construction Materials Dr. B. Munwar Basha 33 IIT Hyderabad

Loading CE 2020: Construction Materials Dr. B. Munwar Basha 34 IIT Hyderabad

Culverts and headwalls CE 2020: Construction Materials Dr. B. Munwar Basha 35 IIT Hyderabad

Base courses Emulsion treated gravel Foamed bitumen gravel Waterbound Macadam Hysen Cells CE 2020: Construction Materials Dr. B. Munwar Basha 36 IIT Hyderabad

Water bound Macadam on High Volume Road CE 2020: Construction Materials Dr. B. Munwar Basha 37 IIT Hyderabad

Completed WBM Road CE 2020: Construction Materials Dr. B. Munwar Basha 38 IIT Hyderabad

Alternative cost effective low-cost sealing options Scarce wearing course material, requires innovative approaches to reducing the maintenance cost of Gravel roads CE 2020: Construction Materials Dr. B. Munwar Basha 39 IIT Hyderabad

Blacktop roads CE 2020: Construction Materials Dr. B. Munwar Basha 40 IIT Hyderabad

Slurry bound macadam CE 2020: Construction Materials Dr. B. Munwar Basha 41 IIT Hyderabad

Concrete Block Paving CE 2020: Construction Materials Dr. B. Munwar Basha IIT Hyderabad 42

Modern roads The modern roads by and large follow Macadam's construction method. Use of bituminous concrete and cement concrete are the most important developments. Various advanced and cost effective construction technologies are used. Development of new equipment's help in the faster construction of roads. Many easily and locally available materials are tested in the laboratories and then implemented on roads for making economical and durable pavements. Scope of transportation system has developed very largely. Population of the country is increasing day by day. The life style of people began to change. The need for travel to various places at faster speeds also increased. CE 2020: Construction Materials Dr. B. Munwar Basha IIT Hyderabad 43

Modern roads This increasing demand led to the emergence of other modes of transportation like railways and travel by air. While the above development in public transport sector was taking place, the development in private transport was at a much faster rate mainly because of its advantages like accessibility, privacy, flexibility, convenience and comfort. This led to the increase in vehicular traffic especially in private transport network. Thus road space available was becoming insufficient to meet the growing demand of traffic and congestion started. In addition, chances for accidents also increased. CE 2020: Construction Materials Dr. B. Munwar Basha IIT Hyderabad 44

Thank You CE 2020: Construction Materials Dr. B. Munwar Basha IIT Hyderabad