Introduction to Hydrological Cycle (水循環学総論) Koji Yamazaki (山崎孝治) IR image
氷:固体(固相) solid phase: ice Source: The Atmosphere An Introduction to Meteorology, 10 th Ed By F. K. Lutgens and E. J. Tarbuck
水:液体(液相) liquid phase: water Source: The Atmosphere An Introduction to Meteorology, 10 th Ed By F. K. Lutgens and E. J. Tarbuck
相変化 phase change: Source: The Atmosphere An Introduction to Meteorology, 10 th Ed By F. K. Lutgens and E. J. Tarbuck
水の性質(Large latent heat) 潜熱(相変化の際の熱)が大きい • 蒸発熱 Evaporation heat Lv 2. 50 x 106 J/kg 水蒸気: Water vapor ~ 600 cal/g (気体) • 融解熱 Melting heat Lf Lv 3. 34 x 105 J/kg Ls ~ 80 cal/g 水: Water • 昇華熱 Ls (液体) 氷: Ice 6 2. 83 x 10 J/kg Lf (固体) ~ 680 cal/g
水の性質-Clausius-Clapeyron Equation d. P/d. T = L/(T d. V) d. V<0 液体の方が体積小さい 水に浮く • 273. 15 K=0℃
飽和水蒸気量(分圧、混合比)は気温に対して指数関数的に増大. Saturated vapor pressure (mixing ratio) increases exponetially with temperature. 一般に空気が上昇すると凝 結して雲なる。 乾燥断熱減率 10 K/km Dry adiabatic lapse rate 湿潤断熱減率 ~ 5 -6 K/km Moist adiabatic lapse rate
地球(海陸)の水収支 (cm/year) Water budget on the earth
地球の水収支 Global water cycle 110 cm/year × 海洋面積= 270 cm/year × 陸地面積 海洋上大気 Atmosphere over Ocean 118 陸上大気 Atmosphere over land Atmospheric transport 75 107 48 River 海洋 Ocean 陸 Land
年平均降水量・蒸発量 Annual precipitation and evaporation (1週間~10日で循環する) (Recycling time 1 week -10 days ) Evap. Precip. NH SH Global
Extra-tropical cyclone
熱帯低気圧: Tropical cyclones
Moisture flux and its divergence(annual mean) ECMWF 15 -year(1979 -93)average
Moisture flux and its divergence(seasonal mean) ECMWF 15 -year(1979 -93)average