Introduction to Human Body Systems 1 Levels Of

Introduction to Human Body Systems 1

Levels Of Organization ORGANISM CELLS TISSUES ORGAN SYSTEM ORGANS 2

TISSUE: A group of cells that are similar in shape and function that work together 3

ORGAN A group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions. 4

Organ A group of organs that work together to perform a single function System 5

There are 8 organ systems in the human body: 1. Digestive 2. Circulatory 3. Respiratory 4. Reproductive 5. Excretory 6. Locomotion 7. Endocrine 8. Nervous We will be studying three: respiratory, circulatory and digestive system 6

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM EXCHANGE OF GASES Learning Goal: I will understand the anatomy of the respiratory system and the process ventilation and gas exchange from the environment to the cell (e. g. , the movement of oxygen from the atmosphere to the cell; the roles of ventilation, hemoglobin, and diffusion in gas exchange) Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

What is Human Respiration? n n The human respiratory system allows breathing (ventilation) to occur to obtain oxygen, eliminate carbon dioxide. Breathing consists of two phases, inspiration and expiration n Inspiration- the process of taking in air n Expiration- the process of blowing out air

Human Respiratory System Figure 10. 1

Organs in the Respiratory System STRUCTURE FUNCTION nose / nasal cavity warms, moistens, & filters air as it is inhaled pharynx (throat) larynx trachea (windpipe) bronchioles alveoli passageway for air, food, liquid, leads to trachea the voice box, where vocal chords are located keeps the windpipe "open" trachea is lined with fine hairs called cilia which filter air before it reaches the lungs two branches at the end of the trachea, each lead to a lung a network of smaller branches leading from the bronchi into the lung tissue & ultimately to air sacs the functional respiratory units in the lung where gases are exchanged

Components of the Upper Respiratory Tract Figure 10. 2

Upper Respiratory Tract Functions n n n Passageway for respiration Receptors for smell Filters incoming air to filter larger foreign material Moistens and warms incoming air Resonating chambers for voice

Components of the Lower Respiratory Tract Figure 10. 3

Lower Respiratory Tract n Functions: Larynx: maintains an open airway, routes food and air appropriately, assists in sound production n Trachea: transports air to and from lungs n Bronchi: branch into lungs (singular: bronchus) n Bronchiole: smaller branches n Lungs: transport air to alveoli for gas exchange n

Respiratory Cycle Figure 10. 9

Gas Exchange Between the Blood and Alveoli Figure 10. 8 A

Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Diffusion Gradients n Oxygen n Moves from alveoli into blood. Blood is almost completely saturated with oxygen when it leaves the capillary Pressure of Oxygen (P 02) in blood decreases because of mixing with deoxygenated blood Oxygen moves from capillaries into the tissues n Carbon dioxide n n Moves from tissues into capillaries Then capillaries into the alveoli 23 -17

Diffusion of Gases Partial Pressure of Gases (Pgas) n n n Concentration of gases in a mixture (air) Gases move from areas of high partial pressure to areas of low partial pressure (or concentration: diffusion) Movement of gases also occurs between cells and the blood in the capillaries Think/Pair/Share Outline the path an oxygen molecule takes from the air to the capillary and state the general ‘pressure’ of oxygen in each case (more, less, least, etc) What about CO 2 from capillaries to outside?

Boyle’s Law n n n Volume and pressure are inversely related n ↑ volume = ↓ pressure Air always flows from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure Decreased pressure in the thoracic cavity in relation to atmospheric pressure causes air to flow into the lungs n The process of inspiration

Hemoglobin and Oxygen Transport n 98% of O 2 is transported in combination with hemoglobin molecules (98%) n n Hemoglobin (Hb) n n 2% of O 2 is dissolved and transported in the plasma A protein found in Red blood cells O 2 binds loosely to Hb due to its molecular structure Hemoglobin increases the amount of O 2 (by 70 times) that is able to be carried in the blood Oxyhemoglobin (Hb. O 2) Hb + O 2 = Hb. O 2 Hemoglobin + oxygen bound complex gives blood its bright red colour 23 -20

Malfunctions & Diseases of the Respiratory System asthma bronchitis severe allergic reaction characterized by the constriction of bronchioles inflammation of the lining of the bronchioles emphysema condition in which the alveoli deteriorate, causing the lungs to lose their elasticity pneumonia condition in which the alveoli become filled with fluid, preventing the exchange of gases lung cancer irregular & uncontrolled growth of tumors in the lung tissue

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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM EXCHANGE OF GASES Learning Goal: I will understand the anatomy of the respiratory system and the process ventilation and gas exchange from the environment to the cell (e. g. , the movement of oxygen from the atmosphere to the cell; the roles of ventilation, hemoglobin, and diffusion in gas exchange) Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.