Introduction to Geography People Places and Environment 6

Introduction to Geography People, Places, and Environment, 6 e Carl Dahlman William H. Renwick Chapter 10: Cities and Urbanization Holly Barcus Morehead State University

Defining Concepts • Hinterland – Provide services/draws resources • Incorporation – Defining city territory • Primate cities – Large city with majority of national population • Urbanization – Concentrating population in cities 2

Urban Geography • Three important topics – Urban functions and roles – Study of urbanization • Different times • Different places – Internal patterns 3

Urban Functions • Early functions – Government centers – Protection – Agglomeration • Economic bases – Basic sector – Non-basic sector – Multiplier effect • Economy sectors – Primary – Secondary – Tertiary 6

Locations of Cities • Site factors – Characteristics of location • Situation factors – Other cities – Transportation/trade routes 9

Central Place Theory • Three requirements – Hinterlands divide the space completely – Hinterlands are uniform shape and size – Minimal distance between central place and furthest place 10

Early Urban Societies • Holland - 17 th century – Global shipping, banking – Supported by highly productive agriculture – Pre-industrial revolution • Britain – Occurred during industrialization – World’s first model of urbanization • Terrible hardships • Emigration 13

Urbanization Today • Occurring rapidly – Inadequate infrastructure – Living conditions mimic 19 th century England – Caused by deteriorating rural conditions • Concentrates labor forces • Different from historic British experience 14

Government Policies • Used to reduce rural to urban migration • Limit housing and jobs • Improve rural areas • Compulsory ruralization 15

Vitality of Cities • Positive aspects of urbanization – Informal, underground economy – Urban immigrants are assets to growth 16

Models of Urban Form • Four models of internal patterns – Concentric zone – Sector – Multiple-nuclei – Peripheral • Social factors • Government • Environmental concerns 17

Concentric Zone Model

CBD

Sector Model

Multiple Nuclei Model

Peripheral Model

Urban Planning • Planning the ideal city – Howard’s Garden Cities – Le Corbusier’s Radiant Cities – Canberra, Australia • Charter of the International Congress of Modern Architecture (CIAM) – Codified the functions of the modern city 23

Garden City

Rayburn, New Jersey

Brasilia, A Radiant City 26

Brasilia: National Cathedral 27

Brasilia, Congress 28

Brasilia • Upper left: Residential sector • Lower left: National theater • Below: Government ministry buildings 29

Culture in Urban Models • Contrasts to North American models – Latin America – Western Europe – Traditional Islamic – Asian 30

Fez, Morocco

Latin American Model

34

Growth of Suburbs • U. S. phenomenon due to prosperity • Early suburbs – Cultural preference for rural living – Henry Ford • Government policies – FHA loan program – Tax incentives – Returning veterans 35

Suburban Infrastructure • Sprawl • High costs – Energy – Commute / transportation • Leapfrogging • Environmental – Farmland – Green space 36

Social Consequences • Residential segregation and marketing • Restrictive covenants • Job movement and creation • Commuting patterns – Rush hour 37

USA changes in city size

New Patterns • New urbanism – Recreate small town America – Less dependence on cars • Telecommuting • Virtual shopping – Internet – Brick and mortar 40

Central Cities Decline • 1970 -1995 • Economic decline – Spatial mismatch • Population loss • Deteriorating housing and neighborhoods • Loss of entry level jobs 41

Central Cities New Growth • Service sector economy – Increased white collar jobs – Finance, IT, bio-tech • Gentrification – Rediscovering urban living – Yuppies / empty nesters • Immigrants • African Americans 42

Redistribution of Jobs & Housing • Urban enterprise zones • Reclaiming “brownfields” • Relocate subsidized housing • Transportation to suburban jobs 44

Governing Urban Areas • Annexation • Incorporation – Thwarts efforts to be annexed • Special district governments • Ending subsidies encouraging sprawl • Tax incentives End of Chapter 10 45